Describe the beginning of modern physiology. 


Artists’ concern to be accurate was helped by the work of scientists. To study bone structures, artists went to the laboratories of medical schools. Andreas Vesalius (1514-64), a Belgian and a professor of medicine at the University of Padua, was the first to dissect the human body. This was the beginning of modern physiology.

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Describe the contribution of Copernicus and Galileo in the field of astronomy. 

Copernicus and Galileo contributed tremendously in the field of astronomy by inventing new tools and implements to verify astronomical events.


i. Galileo was the first to develop the first telescope to watch the stars.

ii. Copernicus was the first to declare that Earth is not flat and is not the centre of the universe and it revolves around the sun.

 

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Why was the observation of Copernicus was controversial? Why was it believed later? 


The observations of Copernicus regarding earth were not in accordance with what was given in the Holy Bible about Earth. So very soon it became a controversial matter and people were afraid of accepting his views against religion.

The Concept of Copernicus was scientifically supported by Galileo's Telescope which forced people to believe the theory of Copernicus.

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What do you know about "Protestant Reformation"?


Those who believed in the scientific approach and protested against catholic religious blindness were called as Protestants and efforts in this direction were collectively known as "Protestant Reformation".

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Write a  brief note on Leonardo-da-vinci.


The famous Italian Philosopher is more widely known as the painter of 'Mona Lisa', a smiling lady and the 'Last Supper'. He was a mathematician, a musician and a scientist.

It was Leonardo-da-vinci who designed the first flying machine which gave successful demonstration and basic idea to the Wright Brothers.

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