Write a short note on the rebuilding of the Japanese economy after its shattering defeat was called a post war miracle.


The rapid rebuilding of the Japanese economy after its shattering defeat was called a post-war miracle. But it was more than that it was firmly rooted units long history. The constitution was democratized only now, but the Japanese had a historic tradition of popular struggles and intellectual engagement with how to broaden political participation.

The social cohesion of the pre-war years was strengthened, allowing for a close working of the government, bureaucracy and industry. US support, as well as the demand created by the Korean and the Vietnamese wars also helped the Japanese economy.
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What for Japan was considered rich? Elaborate.


Japan was considered rich, because it imported luxury goods like silk from China and textiles from India. 
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From the mid 1980 there has been an increasing decline in interest in enviromental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world. Why ?


The 1960s saw the growth of civil society movements as industrialisation had been pushed with utter disregard to its effect on health and the environment.

Cadmium poisoning, which led to a painful disease, was an early indicator, followed by mercury poisoning in Minamata in the 1960s and problems caused by air pollution in the early 1970s. Grass-roots pressure groups began to demand recognition of these problems as well as compensation for the victims. Government action and new legal regulations helped to improve conditions. 

Thus from the mid-1980s, there has been an increasing decline in interest in environmental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world.


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How the modernising of the economy started in Japan?


Funds were raised by levying and agricultural tax. Japan's first railway line, between Tokyo and the port of Yokohama, was built in 1870-72. Textile machinery was imported from Europe, and foreign technicians were employed to train workers, as well as to teach in universities and schools, and Japanese students were sent abroad.

In 1872, modern banking institutions were launched. Companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo were helped through subsidies and tax benefits to
become major shipbuilders so that Japanese trade was from now carried in Japanese ships. Zaibatsu (large business organisations controlled by individual families) dominated the economy till after the Second World War.
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Each nation must develop its special talents in the interest of the world civilization. How far it is correct in the contest of Japan ?

The next generation questioned this total acceptance of Western ideas and urged that national pride be built on indigenous values. The philosopher Miyake Setsurei (1860-1945) argued that each nation must develop its special talents in the interest of world civilisation: To devote oneself to one's country is to devote oneself to the world.
By contrast, many intellectuals were attracted to Western liberalism and wanted a Japan based not on the military but on democracy. Ueki Emori (1857-1892), a leader of the Popular Rights Movement, was demanding constitutional government, admired the French Revolution's doctrine of the natural rights of man and of popular sovereignty, and spoke for a liberal education that would develop each individual: Freedom is more precious than order.
Others even advocated voting rights for women. This pressure led the government to announce a constitution.
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