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1. Working hours: Each worker had to work for 15 to 18 hours in the factory. He had no rest during this period of work.

2. Fewer wages: The workers were given low wages. The mill owners exploited the workers.

3. Cruelty by Overseers: The overseers were very cruel. They often beat the workers with lashes.

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(i) Capital : The British traders had been trading in foreign countries for a long time. So, they had the sufficient capital for the establishment of the industries.

(ii) Natural resources : England had plenty of natural resources like iron and coal which are essential for the industries.

(iii) Control over colonies : British had established a large number of new colonies from where she could get the cheap raw material and they could also serve as markets to sell the finished goods.

(iv) Shipping industry : England had developed a large shipping industry which solved the problems of transporting the things to far away countries.

(v) Agrarian revolution : Due to this many agriculturists went out of job. Such people supplied the cheap labour to the factories.

(vi) The initiative of the English People : The English people were quite enterprising, energetic and hard working. So, they made inventions of new machines and started the industries.

II. Social and Economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution :

(i) Promotion of arts and culture : The Industrial Revolution brought more leisure to man. This spare time was utilized for the promotion of arts and culture in the society.

(ii) The division of society : As a result of the Industrial Revolution the society was divided into two distinct classes-the capitalist and the labourers. The rich become more rich and poor became more poor.

(iii) Insanitary condition in the towns : As a large number of people shifted from villages to industrial towns and as such the towns became over crowded. There was no arrangement for proper houses, sanitation, ventilation, drainage, etc. In short the workers lived in the miserable conditions.

(iv) Unsatisfactory condition of the Factory Workers : The workers had to work in factories which were poorly ventilated, poorly lighted and were extremely unhealthy.

(v) Exploitation of Women and Children : Women and children were employed in large number of the factories, as they were cheaper and easy to manage.

III. Economic Consequences :

(i) Increase in the National Income : The industrial production led to the production of goods on a large scale which began to be sold in other countries. It increased the national wealth of the Industrialized countries, particularly that of England.

(ii) Growth of Agriculture : Introduction of machinery, better seeds, new crops, the use of fertilizers, etc. led to the growth in agriculture. Now the farmers started producing the cash crops on a large scale and became rich.

(iii) Improvement in the Standard of Living : Due to Industrial Revolution people became rich. Good quality of goods were now available at cheaper rates. New means of transport and communication i.e. Automobiles, Railways, Ships, Telegraphs and Telephones etc. made man's life richer, comfortable and happier. It raised the standard of living of the people.

(iv) Increase in Population : The Industrial Revolution increased the national wealth, raised the standard of living. Thus made life more convenient and luxurious. The new inventions helped in checking the various diseases and ultimately led to an increase in population.

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Important features of the Factory System are stated below:

(i) Capitalism: The foremost feature of the factory system was this that capitalism appeared with full force. The inventions of machines increased production. The increased production compelled the manufacturers to find markets for their surplus goods for their margin of profits. This resulted in amassing of wealth in a few hands.

1. The Bright side on the Industrial Revolution :

(i) The industrialization has made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of life i.e. food, cloth and shelter.

(ii) The machines have relieved man of the tiring and unpleasent job and have brought more leisure. This spare time has been utilized for the promotion of arts and culture.

(iii) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comforts and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man who could otherwise not even think of them.

(iv) Developments in the means of transport and communication have developed trade and thus brought all the countries of the world nearer to one another.

(v) The invention of the new types of machines has made man's life quite easy and comfortable. These have brought new jobs and added the pleasure of human life.

2. Dark side of the Industrial Revolution :

(i) As result of the Industrial Revolution the cities become overcrowed by the labourers and workers arising the problems of insanitation and housing.

(ii) The workers' life became quite miserable. They had to live in slums around the factories where they fell a prey to different diseases and epidemics.

(iii) The conditions inside the factories were worse. There, the smoke, noise and poisonous gases affected the workers' health physically and mentally.

(iv) The factory owners employed the women and children in their factories as their labour proved cheaper. As a result of hard work and inhuman treatment they suffered of bad health.

(v) The Industrial Revolution divided the whole society into two conflicting classes i.e. the capitalists and the workers who do not have faith upon each other even today.

(vi) The Industrial Revolution gave birth to Imperialism and Colonialism.

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