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What step is taken to reduce the list of alternative courses during planning process?


A minimum preliminary criteria is determined.

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What is meant by ‘follow-up action’ as the step involved in the planning process?


It means a constant review of plans so as to ensure success in the uncertain future.

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Give two examples of external premises of planning.


(a) Govt policies (b) Business competition.

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 State first two steps in the process of planning.


(a) Setting objectives, (b) Developing premises.

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Explain, in brief, any six types of plans.


Following are the types of plans:

(i) Objectives: Objectives are those end points for the attainment of which all the activities are undertaken. It is a special target to be achieved by an organisation, e.g., it can be the objective of a school to impart education in the subject of commerce to 100 students during an year.

(ii) Strategy: Strategies refer to those plans which are prepared in view of the move of the competitors and whose objective is to make possible the optimum utilisation of resources. For example, if a rival organisation in an effort to increase the sale of its product is going to reduce the price of its product or is thinking about new methods of advertisement or is going to introduce some gift scheme to attract the consumers, we shall have to plan our strategy accordingly in the light of all these things.

(iii) Policies: Policies are those general statements which are decided for the guidance of the employees while taking decision. Like Personnel Policy: Under this policy it can be decided that the basis for the promotion of employees will be their age. Once this is decided, no departmental manager will need the permission of the General Manager regarding the promotion of the employees.

(iv) Procedures: Procedures are those plans which determine the sequence of any work performance. For example, the recovery of money from the debtors can be done in the following order:

(a) Writing letters (b) Contacting on telephone

(c) Meeting personally (d) Taking legal action.

(v) Methods: Method is that plan which determines how different activities of the procedure are completed. A method is not related to all steps but only to one step of the procedure. It is more detailed than procedure. There may be many methods to do a particular work. After extensive study, a method has to be selected from which a worker feels minimum fatigue, increase in productivity and there is reduction in costs.

(vi) Rules: Rules tell us what is to be done and what is not to be done in a particular situation. In the presence of rules there is no need to take any decision. Whatever is said in the rules has to be followed without any thinking. For example, the rule ‘No Smoking in the Factory’ is applicable to everybody and it must be observed. Provision for punishment in case of non-observing of the rule can also be made.

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