What do you know about Martin Luther?


He was a German clergyman and one of the greatest exponents of the papal agents. His efforts led to the founding of the protestant religion.

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What is meant by celestial? 


Celestial means divine or heavenly, while terrestrial implies having a worldly quality. 

Tips: -

 (V. Imp.)
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What do you know about the Counter Reformation?

The Counter-Reformation was the reaction of the Roman Catholic church towards the Protestant Reformation.


i. The rapid expansion of the Protestant religion in many countries of Europe shook the Roman Catholic leaders.

ii. They attempted to bring reforms in their Church. As a result of 'Counter-Reformation', some of the objectionable practices were given up.

The Pope and the clergymen abandoned their luxurious living. The sale of indulgences was also given up.
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Describe the achievements of Nation-States.

1. Freedom of serfs due to the fall of feudalism.
2. Establishment of constitutional Government.
3. Unification small empires into Nation-States.
4. Common language and culture.
5. National Planning on Agriculture, Industry and Trade.
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What do you understand by the 'Age of Discovery'?


The period extending from the later part of the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century is called in history as the Age of Discovery. During this period, the new trade route was explored and several new lands were discovered.
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