When is the beginning of modern China traced?


The beginning of modern China can be traced to its first encounter with the West in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when Jesuit missionaries introduced Western sciences such as astronomy and mathematics. 

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Describe the outcome of Cultural Revolution. 


The Cultural Revolution began a period of turmoil, weakened the Party and severely disrupted the economy and educational system.

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From the mid 1980 there has been an increasing decline in interest in enviromental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world. Why ?

The 1960s saw the growth of civil society movements as industrialisation had been pushed with utter disregard to its effect on health and the environment. Cadmium poisoning, which led to a painful disease, was an early indicator, followed by mercury poisoning in Minamata in the 1960s and problems caused by air pollution in the early 1970s.
Grass-roots pressure groups began to demand recognition of these problems as well as compensation for the victims. Government action and new legal regulations helped to improve conditions. From the mid 1980s there has been an increasing decline in interest in environmental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world.
Today, as a developed country it faces the challenge of using its political and technological capabilities to maintain its position as a leading world power.

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Why the Guomindang despite its attempts to unite the country failed ?

The Guomindang's social base was in urban areas. Industrial growth was slow and limited. In cities such as Shanghai, which became the centres of modern growth, by 1919 an industrial working class had appeared numbering 500,000. Of these, however, only a small percentage were employed in modern industries such as shipbuilding.
Most were petty urbanites (xiao shimin), traders and shopkeepers. Urban workers, particularly women, earned very low wages. Working hours were long and conditions of work bad.

The Guomindang despite its attempts to unite the country failed because of its narrow social base and limited political vision. A major plank in Sun Yat-Sen's programme - regulating capital and equalising land was never carried out because the party ignored the peasantry and the rising social inequalities.
It sought to impose military order rather then address the problems faced by the people.

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How Sun Yat-Sen’s ideas became the basis of the Political Philosophy of the Guomindang ? Explain.


Sun Yat - Sen's ideas became the basis of the political philosophy of the Guomindang. They identified the ‘four great needs’ as clothing, food, housing and transportation. After the death of Sun, Chiang Kai Shek (1887-1975) emerged as the leader of the Guomindang as he launched a military campaign to control the warlords, regional leaders who had usurped authority, and to eliminate the communists.
He advocated a secular and rational 'this-worldly' Confucianism, but also sought to militarise the nation. The people, he said, must develop a habit and instinct for unified behaviour.
He encouraged women to cultivate the four virtues of 'chastity, appearance, speech and work' and recognise their role as confined to the household. Even the length of hemlines was prescribed.
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