Name two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills. Why do they have high and effective contraceptive value ? Name a commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.


Two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills are
i. Progesterone
ii. Estrogen.

They have a high and effective contraceptive value as they inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as after the quality of cervical mucus to prevent / retard entry of sperm and have very few side effects . 

Saheli - is an example of non-steroidal pill. 


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Your school has been selected by the Department of Education to organize and host an interschool seminar on 'Reproductive Health – Problems and Practices'. However, many parents are reluctant to permit their wards to attend it. Their argument is that the topic is 'too embarrassing.'
Put forth four arguments with appropriate reasons and explanation to justify the topic to be essential and timely.


Reproductive health is the total well-being in all aspects which  includes the physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being of an individual. Therefore, there is an urgent need to educate and discuss topics related to the reproductive health.
Following are the topics about reproductive health that should be discussed with the students:

i. Sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS and Gonorrhoea, are transferred from one individual to another through sexual contact. Therefore, making the students aware about these diseases will help to prevent their spread.  

ii. Lack of knowledge about the reproductive status may lead to unwanted pregnancies. Hence, it is necessary to create awareness among people, especially the youth.

iii. Learning about one's sexuality at a proper age may help the students to know about the different changes happening in their body; thereby, leading to a better mental and physical state of health.

iv. Counselling and creating awareness about reproductive health also help to curb the problems of infertility, birth control, mortality, etc.

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Describe the Lactational Amenorrhea method of birth control.


Lactational amenorrhea method is a natural method of birth control. In this breastfeeding delays the onset of menstruation in new mothers. Breastfeeding halts the release of hormone that triggers ovulation. Is is based on the fact that ovulation does not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. 

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If implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people, then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis? Write the use of this technique and give reason to justify.


There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis because it leads to increase in the number of female foeticide.
Amniocentesis is the technique which is used for sex-determination of the foetus based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. The ban on the technique is a correct measure because many couples tend to abort the baby if they find the baby to be a girl which increases the number of female foeticides. The ban helps to prevent the misuse of the method and keep a check on it.

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Reproductive and Child Healthcare (RCH) programmes are currently in operation. One of the major tasks of these programmes is to create awareness amongst people about the wide range of reproduction related aspects. As this is important and essential for building a reproductively healthy society.

(a) Providing sex education in schools in one of the ways to meet this goal. Give four points in support of your opinion regarding this statement.
(b) List any two 'indicators' that indicate a reproductively healthy society.


(a) Providing sex education is one of the best ways to create a reproductively healthy society. Sex education helps in achieving this goal by:

1. Providing proper knowledge to curious adolescents and preventing them from being misguided and preventing them from believing myths about sex-related aspects.
2. Creating awareness about sexually transmitted diseases and ways to prevent them.
3. Providing proper information about reproductive organs and various adolescents and related changes.
4. Proper information about safe and hygienic sexual practices.

(b) Two indicators of a reproductively healthy society are as follows:

1. In a reproductively healthy society, there is no emphasis on the selection of a particular sex. Hence, the ratio of male and female individuals is maintained.
2.The members of the society have physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioural interactions among them in all sex related aspects.
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