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State any two differences between the local government before and after the constitutional amendment in 1992.

(i) Before 1992, constitutionally it was not mandatory to hold regular election to the local government bodies. However, it was made regular after 1992.
(ii) Before 1992, there was not reservation for women in all states. But after 1992 at least 1/3 of seats are reserved for women in local government bodies.

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Locate the following states on a blank outline political map of India:
Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa.


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Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline map of the world.

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Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

I. Similar Feature: India and Belgium both are democratic countries. They have divided their political powers between the constituent states and the national government. Both are the examples of holding federalism. In both countries the central governments tend to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states.
II. Different features: In feature India, some units of federation have unequal powers and some units have been granted special powers such as Jammu and Kashmir. But this is not prevailing in Belgium. In Indian Constitution, although the word ‘federation’ has not been used, the Indian Union is based on principle of federation.

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What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.

(i) Federal form of government is in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
(ii) Under the unitary system of government there is only one level of government. There are no provincial state governments as we in India have. The units if any, are subordinate to the central government.

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