Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(H)₂-C=O

The electronegative oxygen atom is a strong electronwithdrawing group. So there is polarity in the carbonylcompounds. This polarity is even greater than in theasymmetric alkene.

Calcium acetate on distillation produce acetone. It can be explained using the following reaction:

$\underset{\mathrm{Calcium}\mathrm{acetate}}{\mathrm{Ca}({\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{COO}{)}_2}\stackrel{\mathrm{Distillation}}{\to }\underset{\mathrm{Acetone}}{{\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{COCH}}_3}+{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3$

The correct IUPAC name of given compound is 4 - methoxy - 2 - nitrobenzaldehyde .

Vinegaris an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals that may include flavorings. It consists of 7 to 8% acetic acid.

CH₃COCH₃can be converted to CH₃CH₂CH₃by reduction process in which the ketone is heatedwith hydroiodic acid and red phosphorus.

CH₃COCH₃ + HI$\stackrel{\mathrm{P}}{\to }$CH₃CH₂CH₃

Aldo! condensation :when a carbonylcompound containing$\mathrm{\alpha }$ -hydrogen is treated with abase, first of all carbanion is formed.

e.g. CH₃CHO$\underset{\mathrm{NaOH}}{\overset{\mathrm{OH}}{\to }}$CH₂^--CHO

CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₂-CHO

Propionic acid and KOH reacts to produce potassium propionate.

$\underset{\mathrm{Propionic}\mathrm{acid}}{{\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{CH}}_2\mathrm{COOH}}\stackrel{\mathrm{KOH}}{\to }\underset{\mathrm{Potassium}\mathrm{propionate}}{{\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{CH}}_2\mathrm{COOK}}+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

Cyanohydrin can be prepared easily by thereaction of HCN with carbonyl compounds (i.e.Ketones)

(C₂H₅)₂-C=O$\stackrel{\mathrm{HCN}}{\to }$(C₂H₅)₂-(CN)C(OH) (Cyanohydrin)

The substitution of alkoxy group of esterby an alcohol ,is calledtrans-esterification .It occurs in presenceof either an acid or base .

2 molecules of ester condense to give$\mathrm{\beta }$- keto ester ,in presence of alkali .Thisreaction is called Claisen condensation .

2CH₃-CO-OC₂H₅$\stackrel{{\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\mathrm{ONa}}{\to }$$\underset{\mathrm{ethyl}\mathrm{aceto}\mathrm{acetate}}{{\mathrm{CH}}_3-\mathrm{CO}-{\mathrm{CH}}_2-\mathrm{CO}-{\mathrm{OC}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5}$+ C₂H₅OH