CBSE Class 12 Sociology Solved Question Paper 2010

1. Workers in underground mines face very dangerous conditions, due to flooding, fire, the collapse of roofs and sides, the emission of gases and ventilation failures.
2. Many workers develop breathing problems and diseases like tuberculosis and  silicosis.

According to the Adam Smith, 'Invisible hand' is an unseen force at work that converts what is good for each individual into what is good for society.

Cultural diversity is a group of diverse individuals from different cultures or societies. Usually, cultural diversity takes into account language, religion, race, sexual orientation, gender, age and ethnicity.

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in a given area during a specified period of time.
Adverse sex ratio refers to a decline in sex ratio, or a fall in the number of women relative to men.

Commodification:

1. Commodification occurs when things that were earlier not traded in the market
   become commodities. For instance, labour or skills become things that can be bought and sold. 
2. According to Marx and other critics of capitalism, the process of commodification has negative social effects. For example: commodification of labour.
3. In earlier times, human beings themselves were bought and sold as slaves, but today it is considered immoral to treat people as commodities.
4. Traditionally, marriages were arranged by families, but now there are professional marriage bureaus and websites that help people to find brides and grooms for a fee.

Civil society is the non-state and non-market part of the public domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create institutions and organisations.

1. Activities of civil society organisations have an wider range, it covers advocacy and lobbying activity with national and international agencies as well as active participation in various moments.
2. The issues taken up are: tribal struggles for land rights, devolution in urban governance, campaigns against rape and violence against women, rehabilitation of those displaced by dams and other developmental projects, fishermen’s struggles against mechanised fishing, rehabilitation of hawkers and pavement dwellers, campaigns against slum demolitions and for housing rights, primary education reform, distribution of land to Dalits, etc.
3. Civil liberties organisations have been particularly important in keeping a watch on the state and forcing it to obey the law.

1. According to social structure, a family can be male headed or female-headed; migration of men in search of work can increase the number of female headed households.
2. After independence, the rapid processes of industrialisations and urbanisation have changed the structure of the extended families to nuclear families.
3. The long work schedules of young parents may lead to increasing number of grand parents moving in as care givers for young grand children.
4. The changes in the family structure may occur accidentally as when a war takes place or people migrate in search of work. Sometimes the changes in the family structure are purposely brought about.

1. The most important official effort to collect information and data on Caste was through the census. The census became a regular ten-yearly exercise from 1881 onwards.
2. The new land revenue settlements and other related arrangements and laws served to provide legal recognised to customary rights of the upper castes.

Assimilation is a process of cultural unification and homogenisation by which newly entering or subordinate groups lose their distinctive culture and adopt the culture of the dominant majority. It may be forced or voluntary.

(i) The schemes like the Ladli Scheme will certainly help you to solve the problem of the adverse child sex ratio.
(ii) Under the Ladli scheme every girl child is entitled to Rs. 6000/5000 at the time of birth, depending on whether the baby was delivered in a government hospital or elsewhere. The Delhi government deposits Rs. 5000 each at the time of admission to classes, I, VI, IX, X and XII. The money is kept as a long-term fixed deposit in the name of the child who can encash it when she turns 18.