CBSE Class 12 Sociology Solved Question Paper 2014

1. Issues relating to control over vital economic resources like land and specially forests.
2. Issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity.

Communalism: It refers to offensive chauvinism based on religious identity. It is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion.
  Communalism has been a source of tension and violence, During communal riots, people become faceless members of their respective communities. They are willing to kill, rape, and loot members of other communities in order to redeem their pride, to protect their home turf.  No region has been wholly exempt from the communal violence of one kind or another. Every religious community has faced this violence in greater or lesser degree.

Extremely wealthy people who are not disadvantaged but belong to the small minority group are the 'privileged' minorities.

There is a close relationship between disability and poverty. Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent childbirth, inadequate immunisation programmes, accidents in overcrowded homes, all contribute to an incidence of disability among poor people that is higher than among people living in easier circumstances. Furthermore, disability creates and exacerbates poverty by increasing isolation and economic strain.

1. The caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles, one based on difference and separation and the other on wholism and hierarchy.
2. Ideas of separation and hierarchy proved beneficial for some castes while others are condemned to life of endless labour and subordination. Each caste is supposed to be different from – and is therefore strictly separated from – every other caste.
3. Different and separated castes do not have an individual existence – they can only exist in relation to a larger whole, the totality of society consisting of all castes.
4. Economic or military/physical power is closely associated with social status so that those in tend to be of high status. People defeated in wars were assigned to low caste status. Each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste. It allows no mobility.

A virtual market is the one whose operations are entirely electronic. It can be opened from anywhere around the world, symbolically bringing together investors and market participants at the beginning of each trading day.

1. The coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai played a pivotal role in the economic system. These colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonised India.
2. From these coastal cities primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.

(i) The anti-sikh riots of Delhi in 1984.
(ii) Anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat in 2004.

1. Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
2. All India Plastics Manufacturer's Association.

1. The advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy, causing disruptions in production, trade, and agriculture. Eg. Cheap manufactured textiles from England Completely destroyed the handloom industry and made the weavers jobless.
2. Before being colonised by the British, India was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market, but after colonialism, India became a source of raw materials and agriculture and a consumer of manufactured goods.
3. But with the colonialism, the expansion of the market economy in India provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances.
4. In some cases, new communities emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism. 'Marwaris' is the best example of this process.