Black (stem) rust of Wheat is caused by Puccinia graminis tritici, a fungus belonging to Sub-class-Teliomycetidae, Order-Uredinales. It is a heteroecious species which completes its life cycle on two plants, ie, barberry (Berberis) plant and wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Sieve elements are the food conducting cells of phloem tissue. Sieve element in angiosperms are sieve tubes, while in gymnosperms and pteridophytes, these are sieve cells. 

Crocodile, penguin, whale and dogfish, all are chordates. So, all of these have gill slits at some stage of development.

In ABO blood group system, inheritance of grouping is controlled by a single autosomal gene on chromosome-9 with three major alleles A, B and O) (I^A, I^B and I^o). The ABO blood group system has at least 6 genotypes. On the basis of presence or absence of antigens and antibodies, 4 blood groups (phenotypes) have been differentiated, ie, A, B, AB and O blood groups.

Enzymes show pH sensitivity and require an optimum pH for maximal acitivity.
Enzymes are thermolabile (heat sensitive) and denatured at high temperatures. However, extremophiles (thermophilic bacteria) are exceptions. Most of the enzymes are highly specific in their action. Most enzymes are proteins but exceptionally some are RNA enzymes, eg, ribozymes.

The cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells is crisscrossed by a network of protein fibres that support the shape of the cell and anchor organelles to fixed locations. This network is called cytoskeleton. It consists of three types of cytoskeletal filaments namely act filaments or microfilaments (formed of globular protein actin), microtubules (formed of tubulin protein) and intermediate filaments (formed of a variety of proteins like vimentin, keratin, desmin, peripherin, lamin etc).

The higher concentration of auxin causes inhibition of root elongation, but the number of lateral branches in the root is considerably increased. In plant tissue cultures, relatively amounts of auxin and cytokinin induce the development of root, shoot or undifferentiated mass of tissues. High auxin to cytokinin ratio favours the root development high cytokinin to auxin ratio favours shoot development, while intermediate concentration results in the formation of undifferentiated cell mass. 

Pinus is a monoecious gymnospermic plant, ie, both male and female cones occur on the same plant. 

Marchantia (bryophyte), Cycas (gymnosperm) and date palm (angiosperm) all are dioecious plants, ie, male and female plants are separate.

Sugarcane is a C₄-plan. C₄-plants are characterised by the presence of Kranz-type of anatomy. In this, the leaf mesophyll is undifferentiated and its cells (having a normal type of granola chloroplasts) occur in concentric layers around vascular bundles, later is surrounded by large-sized bundle sheath cells (having large -sized agranal chloroplasts) which are arranged in a wreath like manner.

Jaundice is a disorder of digestive system caused due to blockage or inflammation of the bile duct or hyperbilirubinemia. It is mainly characterised by yellow colouration of skin, white portion of eye and urine