Why did Metternich remark—‘If France sneezes, rest of Europe catches cold’?


Matternich remarked so because the Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Political upheaval in France (1830) had sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the kingdom of Netherlands.

 

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Analyse the four prints prepared by famous French artist, Frederic Sorrieu.


Frederic Sorrieu, the French artist, prepared a series of four prints;

(i) The first print of the series, show the peoples of Europe and America — men and women of all ages and social classes-marching in a long train. These offering homage to Statue of Liberty as they pass by it.

(ii) Second print is that of allegory of liberty in female figure holding torch of enlightenment in one hand and Charter on Rights of Man on the other.

(iii) The third print is that of shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.

(iv) The fourth print refers to his utopian vision in which the peoples of the world are shown marching together on the path of development. It is a vision of world peace and prosperity.

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Which social groups came in being in the wake of industrialisation?


In the wake of industrialisation, the new group which came into being were a woking- class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, profesionals. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

 

 

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What does liberalism stand in the economic sphere?


In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.
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“Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France”. Analyse.


This is best proved by the following policies:

(i) Increased in taxation

(ii) Imposition of Censorship

(iii)Forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe.

 

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