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Distinguish between

(a) IRV and ERV.

(b)Inspiratory and expiratory capacity.
(c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity. 


(a)

IRV

ERV

1. It is the amount of air inhaled forcibly after normal inspiration.

2. IRV=2500–3000ml

1. It is the amount of air exhaled forcibly after normal expiration.

2. ERV = 1000 – 1100 ml.



(b)

Inspiratory capacity

1. It is the total volume of air which can be inhaled after normal expiration.

2. I.C. = TV + IRV

3. IC is 3000– 3500 ml.

Expiratory capacity

1. It is the total volume of air expired after a normal inspiration.

2. EC = TV + ERV

3. EC= 1500- 1600 ml.



(c) 


Vital capacity Total lung capacity
1. It is the maximum
volume of air a person
can breathe in after a
forced expiration
1. Total volume of
air accommodated in
the lungs after a forced inspiration. 
2. VC = ERV + TV+ IRV 2. Total Lung capacity = VC + RV
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What happens to respiratory process in man going up a hill ?

As altitude increases, the oxygen level in the atmosphere decreases. Therefore, as a man goes uphill, he will suffer from oxygen deficiency. This causes the amount of oxygen in the blood to decline. The respiratory rate increases to compensate for the decrease in the oxygen level of blood. Simultaneously, the rate of heart beat increases to increase the supply of oxygen to blood.

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State the volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal breathing.


The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is known as functional residual capacity (FRC).
It includes expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV). It is calculated by the formula -: FRC = ERV + RV.

Where

ERV is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration. It is about 1000 mL to 1100 mL.

RV is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration. It is about 1100 mL to 1200 mL.

Thus 

FRC = ERV + RV
FRC = 1100 + 1200
FRC =  2300 mL

Functional residual capacity of the human lungs is about 2.1 - 2.3 L.

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What are the major transport mechanisms for CO2
? Explain.


Transportation of carbon dioxide : It is transported in three forms :

1. In solution form : About 7% CO2 dissolves in plasma and is transported as such.

(2) Through RBCs: About 20 – 25% of CO2 is transported by the red blood cells as  carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbon dioxide binds to the amino groups on the polypeptide chains of haemoglobin and forms a compound known as carbaminohaemoglobin.

(3) Through sodium bicarbonate: About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as sodium bicarbonate. As CO2 diffuses into the blood plasma, a large part of it combines with water to form carbonic acid in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc enzyme that speeds up the formation of carbonic acid. This carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3) and hydrogen ions (H+).

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What is the site of gaseous exchange in an insect ?


In insects there is direct respiration. The fresh air reaches to all cells of body via trachea. The air enters into body through spiracles, trachea, branches of trachea and tracheoles. The tips of tracheoles have tissue fluid. The O2 of air from tip of tracheoles diffuses into cells and COfrom tips of tracheoles diffuse outside. Thus, site for exchange of gases are tips of tracheoles in insects.
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