Differentiate between :

(a) Anaerobic and aerobic respiration 

(b) Combustion and respiration 



(a)

 

Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen :

Water :

Occurrence :

Carbon dioxide :

Energy :

Examples :

Reaction :

 

Not required.

Not evolved.

Outside mitochondria

May or may not be released.

Provides less energy.

Yeasts, parasites, anaerobic bacteria.

 Differentiate between :
(a) External and internal respiration (b) Anaerobic and aerobic respiration 
(c) Combustion and respiration (d) Breathing and respiration

Required.

Evolved.

Inside mitochondria.

Always released.

Provides more energy.

Most of the plants and animals.

 Differentiate between :
(a) External and internal respiration (b) Anaerobic and aerobic respiration 
(c) Combustion and respiration (d) Breathing and respiration


(b)

Combustion

Respiration

It is a chemical process.

Uncontrolled process.

Energy released in single step.

ATP not formed.

Temperature becomes very high.

Intermediates not produced.

Enzymes not needed.

It is a biological process.

Under biological control.

Energy is released in stages.

ATP formed.

Temperature not very high.

Intermediates not produced.

Enzymes needed.

137 Views

 Discuss the transportation of oxygen.

Transportation of oxygen : It ctake splace in the following way :

1. In solution form : Oxygen is less dissolved in plasma–about 3% gets transported in solution form.

2. As oxyhaemoglobin : Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. One molecule of haemoglobin combines with four molecules of oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. In the alveoli there is high pO2, low pCO2, lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature, these factors favour the  formation of oxyhaemoglobin. Whereas in the tissues, where low pO2, high pCO2, high Hconcentration and higher temperature exist, . Since the Haemoglobin molecules take oxygen from respiratory organs and give oxygen to the cells of the body.

 Discuss the transportation of oxygen.

Diagram of the exchange of gases

About 97% oxygen is carried in combination with haemoglobin.

 Discuss the transportation of oxygen.
194 Views

Describe the mechanism of exchange of gases.

Exchange of gases : The gases are exchanged in alveoli of lungs and cells of the body. The exchange of gases in alveoli occurs between blood and alveolar air.

The alveolar air has pO2 104 mm and pO2 of blood is 40 mm of Hg. Thus, oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood till pO2 of the blood becomes 95 mm.

The pCO2 of alveolar air is 40 mm and of blood is 45 mm. Thus, CO2 from blood diffuses into alveolar air. 

Exchange of gases in cells : The blood which is in contact with cells have pO2 95 mm and pCO40 mm while cells of the tissues have pO2 40 mm and pCO2 45 mm. Thus, oxygen from blood diffuses into the cells and CO2 from cells diffuses into blood till PCObecomes 46 mm of Hg and PO2 becomes 40 mm. Now the blood is carried by veins to heart, then to lungs by pulmonary arch. In lungs it is purified.

Describe the mechanism of exchange of gases.

Diagrammatic representation of exchanges of gases at the alveolus and the body tissues with blood and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

273 Views

Advertisement

Comment upon the transportation of carbon-dioxide.


Transportation of carbon dioxide : It is transported in three forms :

1. In solution form : About 7% CO2 dissolves in plasma and is transported as such.

2. As bicarbonate : About 70% CO2 from plasma enters into R.B.C. It combines with water to form carbonic acid in the presence of enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic acid (H2 CO3) splits into H+ and HCO-3

Comment upon the transportation of carbon-dioxide.

From erythrocytes bicarbonate ions pass into plasma due to which ionic balance between ions in the plasma and erythrocytes is disturbed. To maintain the balance, the chloride ions diffuse into RBC from plasma. This movement of chloride ions is called chloride shift or Hamburger shift. The latter maintains an acid base equilibrium at pH 7.4 for blood and electrical balance between plasma and RBC.

Most of the bicarbonate is carried by plasma and some of it by RBC.

3. As carbamino-haemoglobin : About 23% CO2 combines with haemoglobin of RBC to form carbamino-haemoglobin. It combines with amino group. The amount of CO2 which can be carried by haemoglobin is affected by oxygen tension (Haldane effect). The impure blood is carried to heart and then to lungs. In lungs 100 ml of blood releases 3.7 ml of CO2.

281 Views

Advertisement

What is the role of diaphragm and inter costal muscles in breathing ?

Or

Describe the mechanism of breathing.


The role of the diaphragm and inter costal muscles in breathing :

Mechanism of inspiration : Inspiration or inhaling is taking in of fresh air into lungs. It occurs in following steps :

1. The external intercostal muscles or inspiratory muscles contract and pull the ribs forward and upward thus increasing the volume of thoracic cavity.

2. The radial muscles of diaphragm contract. The diaphragm becomes flat. It also increases volume of thoracic cavity.

3. The abdominal muscles relax. Thus, the organs present in abdominal cavity get compressed to accommodate the flat diaphragm.

All this reduces the pressure of thoracic cavity, the lungs being closely applied to thoracic cavity expand. Thus, pressure of lungs is reduced as compared to the atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric air rushes into lungs via respiratory tract to make the pressure equal. Thus, air is inspired. 

What is the role of diaphragm and inter costal muscles in breathing ?
Or
Describe the mechanism of breathing.

Mechanism of expiration : Expiration is the exhaling of  air. It involves the following steps :

1. The peripheral muscles of the diaphragm relax and push the diaphragm upwards making it convex.

2. Intercostal muscles relax. This reduces the area of the thoracic cavity.

3. Abdominal muscles contract and decrease the thoracic cavity further.

Decrease in thoracic cavity reduces the volume of the lungs. The pressure is increased and the air is expired. 

229 Views

Advertisement