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Discuss somatotrophic or growth hormone. State the abnormalities cause due to hyposecretion or hypersecretion of growth hormone?


Somatotrophic or growth hormone : It stimulates growth and development of tissues by increased rate of cell division and protein synthesis. It is released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary or the pars digitalis region.

Abnormalities due to growth hormone :

1. Dwarfism : If GH is secreted in less amount ( hyposecretion), it may cause dwarfism.

2. Gigantism : When growth hormone is secreted in excess it brings abnormality in height. The person grows into a giant with long bones.

3. Acromegaly : If in adults it is secreted in more quantity then it brings enlargement of fingers, chin, toes, arms ,the proportion of the body and the limbs is disrupted. This condition is referred to as acromegaly.

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Name one abnormalities caused by hypo and hyper secretion of hormones of adrenal cortex.

Abnormalities caused by the hypo or hyper secretion of hormones of adrenal cortex:

i. Disease caused due to hyposecretion of hormones

(a) Addison’s disease : It is caused due to the deficiency of mineralo-corticoids and Cortisol.

Symptoms : It is characterised by low blood sugar level and low blood pressure.

ii. Disease caused due to hypersecretion of hormones

(b) Cushing’s syndrome : It is due to the excess of Cortisol.

Symptoms : It is characterised by high blood sugar level, diabetes, weakness and restlessness.

 

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Discuss the hormones secreted by hypothalamus.

Hormones secreted by hypothalamus are:

1. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone : It acts on the  anterior lobe of pituitary gland and stimulates it to release thyrotrophin or thyroid stimulating hormone.

2. Adrenocorticotrophin releasing-hormone : It acts on the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and stimulates it to release adrenocoticotrophin hormone.

3. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone : It acts anterior lobe of pituitary gland, resulting in the release gonadotrophin hormone.

4. Somatotrophin-releasing hormone : It stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary gland and directs it to release somatotrophin hormone or growth hormone.

5. Growth inhibiting hormone : It inhibits anterior lobe of pituitary gland not to release growth hormone. eg . Somatostatin


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Write the name and the source of hormones regulating the following :

(a) Uterine changes in pregnancy. 
(b) Urinary elimination of water.
(c) Metamorphosis of tadpoles.
 (d) Plasma Ca+2 level.
(e) Na+ and K+ metabolism. 
(f) Blood sugar level.
(g) Uterine contractions at the time of child's birth.



Activities

Name of hormone

Source

(a) Uterine change in pregnancy.

Progesterone.

Corpus luteum.

(b) Urinary elimination of water.

Antidiuretic hormone

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

(c) Metamorphosis of tadpoles

Thyroxine.

Thyroid gland.

(d) Plasma Ca+2level.

Parathormone (PTH) 

Parathyroid gland. Zone glomerulosa of adrenal cortex.

(e) Na+ and K+metabolism.

Mineralocorticoids.

Adrenal gland. 

(f) Blood sugar level.

Insulin and glucagon.

Alfa and beta cells of islests of Langerhans (Pancreas).                     

(g) Uterine contractions at the time of child's birth.

 Oxytocin

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland



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 Distinguish between hormones and enzymes. 

Hormones

Enzymes

These are secreted by endocrine glands.

These are secreted by exocrine glands.

They are transported by blood.

They are transported by ducts.

The hormones are needed in less amount.

The enzymes are needed in more amount.

The hormones may be formed from amino acids, proteins, peptides and steroids.

Enzymes are only proteinous.

Hormones undergo changes during chemical reaction.

Enzymes do not undergo any change.

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