Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration.
These are present in hypothalamus. These send impulses to posterior lobe of pituitary gland to secrete ADH. The ADH (Anti diuretic hormone) increases the permeability of cells of distal convoluted part and collecting tube to absorb more water and produce hypertonic urine.Kidney transplantation is the transfer of a healthy kidney from one person into the body of a person who has little or no kidney function. A functioning kidney is used in transplantation from a donor, preferably a close relative, to minimise its chances of rejection by the immune system of the host.
First kidney transplant was performed by a Washington Surgeon, Dr. Charles Hufnagel. In India, first transplant was performed on a 35 yrs old Shaninughan at CMC, Vellore on December 1, 1971.
A kidney stone is formed by the precipitation of uric acid or oxalate.
Symptoms :
1. It blocks the kidney tubule.
2. It may pass into the ureter or urinary bladder and may grow, and cause severe pain or blockage.
3. When, the stone is in bladder, the patient experiences frequent and painful urination and may pass blood in urine.