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Differentiate between the following :
(c) Ascending limb and descending limb


Ascending limb

Descending limb

Thick

Nephric filtrate becomes hypotonic.

Impermeable to water.

Active reabsorption of 25% K+ and small amount of CI

Thin

Nephric fitrate becomes hypertonic.

Permeable to water.

No active reabsorption of Na+ ion. It receives Na+ by diffusion.

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What is immunosuppression ?

Immunosuppression : It means to suppress the immune response of recipient to prevent transplant rejection.

This is done before or at time of kidney transplantation. The therapy is done with the help of drugs which destroy ‘T’ cells (which are responsible for providing immunity to the body. These T-cells produce antibodies against the foreign graft or transplant and result in the rejection of the transplant. Hence, the immune system of the patient is suprresed so that the transplant is not rejected.

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Distinguish between

(a) Ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism


Ammonotelism

Ureotelism

Uricotelism

Ammonotelism occurs in aquatic animals.

Ureotelism occurs in terrestrial amphibians and some aquatic animals.

Uricotelism occurs only in terrestrial animals.

Ammonia is excreted

Urea is the major excretory product

Uric acid is the excretory product.

Ammonia is very toxic

Less toxic

Least toxic.

A lot of water is required for elimination of Ammonia.

Comparatively less water is required for elimination of urea.

Little water is required for elimination of uric acid. 

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Give comparitive account of water balance in humans and desert kangaroo rats.

Kangaroo rats consume 90% metabolic water and water loss is very little in them.
Human beings use less metabolic water. The human beings compensate water by drinking. 
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