Name the excretory organ in the following:
i. Platyhelminthes, annelids. rotifers. 
ii. Earthworms. 
iii. Insects
iv. Crustaceans. 

The excretory organs in different organisms are
i. Protonephridia in Platyhelminthes, annelids, rotifers
ii. Nephridia in earthworms.
iii. Malphigian tubules in insects.
iv. Green glands in crustaceans. 
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What are diuretic substances. Give examples ?

Diuretic substances are those that promote the body to excrete urine. These substances increase the urine output e.g. tea, coffee, soft drinks etc.
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Why in winter there is increase in urination ?


During winter, the surrounding temperature will be very low. There is no sweating, there are no evaporation losses. To keep the body temperature constant, the blood capillaries in the skin are constricted and the blood pressure is increased. In order to maintain the blood pressure normal, the excess water along with the wastes is excreted mostly in the form of urine resulting in frequent urination in winter.

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What is the colour and the pH of urine?

Urine is light yellow in colour and it has a pH of 6.0 that is it is slightly acidic. 
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Why water is not reabsorbed in ascending limb or PCT ?

Water is not reabsorbed in the ascending limb as it is impermeable to water.
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