What is dislocation and fracture ?

Dislocation : When a bone is displaced from its specific position, then it is said to be dislocated and the phenomenon is called dislocation of bone.

Fractures : fracture is a complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of excessive force

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What is a cramp?

A muscle cramp is a sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. They are usually characterised by pain and swelling.

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 Write a note on pectoral girdle.

Pectoral girdle : The pectoral girdle is formed of two halves. Each half consists of a clavicle and a scapula . 

1. Scapula is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the second and the seventh ribs. The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called the acromion.  Below the acromion is a depression called the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

2. Clavicle is collar bone. It is a slender bone with two curvatures. 

 

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Name the bones of forelimb and hindlimb.


Bones of forelimb : Each limb is made of 30 bones.

A. Forelimbs -  There are two forelimbs each having thirty bones.
These are :
i. Humerus — (1)
ii. Radius-ulna — (2) 
iii. Carpals — (8)
iv. Metacarpals — (5)
v. Phalanges — (14)

B. Hindlimb : There are two hindlimbs. Each hindlimb has thirty bones.
These are :
i. Femur — (1)
ii. Patella — (1)
iii. Tibia-fibula —(2)
iv. Tarsdals — (7)
v. Metatarsals — (5)
vi. Phalanges — (14)

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Explain Muscular Fatigue

 


Muscular fatigue : is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force. It can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. It happens when the muscles respire anaerobically and produce lactic acid. The accumulation of lactic acid leads to fatigue. 

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