Are the enzymes, that catalyze the dark reactions of carbon fixation, located inside or outside the thylakoids ?

The carbon fixation occurs in the stroma by a series of enzymes catalysed steps which are located outside the thylakoids and not inside the thylakoids. The stroma contains enzymes which are capable of utilizing ATP and NADPH2 to produce carbohydrate during dark reaction.
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What does the Blackmann’s law of limiting factor state.

Blackmann’s law of limiting factor states that :
If a chemical process is affected by more than one, then the rate is determined by the factor which is nearest to its minimal value. The minimum or limiting factor is the factor which directly affects the process if its quantity id changed. “

 

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How is C4 pathway more energy expensive that C3 ?


C3 Cycle needs 18 ATP molecules for synthesis of one molecule of glucose whereas the Ccycle needs 30 ATP molecules. Due to high energy requirement C4 cycle is more energy expensive than the C3 cycle.
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What is Kranz anatomy?


Kranz anatomy is the special arrangement of the cells found in the C4 plants.

The characteristics of Kranz anatomy are:

The bundle sheath cells form several layers around the vascular bundles. The chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells are large and more in number, they have thick walls and no intercellular spaces. Mesophyll cells are undifferentiated and arranged in concentric layers around the vascular bundles.

 

 

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Differentiate between Chlorophyll ‘a’ and Chlorophyll ‘b’ :

Chlorophyll ‘a’

Chlorophyll ’b’

1. Molecular formula is C55 H72 O5 N4 Mg.

Molecular formula is C55 H70 O6 N4 Mg.

2. It is bluish green in colour.

It is olive green in colour.

3. It is universal and found in lower and higher plants except bacteria.

3. It is found only in higher plants.

4. It has methyl group attached to the third carbon of porphyrin head.

4. It has –CHO group attached to the third carbon atom of porphyrin head.

 
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