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Class 10 Class 12
Choose the correct answer from among the given ones:The gravitational intensity at the centre of a hemispherical shell of uniform mass density has the direction indicated by the arrow (see Fig 8.12) (i) a, (ii) b, (iii) c, (iv) O.

Gravitational potential (V) is constant at all points in a spherical shell. Hence, the gravitational potential gradient (dV/dR) is zero everywhere inside the spherical shell.

The gravitational potential gradient is equal to the negative of gravitational intensity. Hence, the intensity is also zero at all points inside the spherical shell. This indicates that gravitational forces acting at a point in a spherical shell are symmetric.

If the upper half of a spherical shell is cut out (as shown in the given figure), then the net gravitational force acting on a particle located at centre O will be in the downward direction.

Since gravitational intensity at a point is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass at that point, it will also act in the downward direction.

Thus, the gravitational intensity at centre O of the given hemispherical shell has the direction as indicated by arrow
c.

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What is the celestial sphere?

At night, if we see the planets and the stars in the sky, all appear to lie in the hemisphere (rest of the hemisphere we are unable to see because of being on the other side of the earth). This sphere is called the celestial sphere.
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What is Geocentric theory?

According to the geocentric theory, all the astronomical bodies like the moon, the sun and stars revolve around the earth, and the earth is at the centre of the universe.
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Is Geodesic always a straight line?

No, Geodesic is a straight line if and only if,  the two points lie on the flat surface. If the two points lie on the curved surface then it is a curved line.
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What is Heliocentric theory?

According to the Heliocentric theory, the sun is at the centre and various planets revolve around the sun at their axis.
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The position co-ordinates of two particles of masses m1 and m2are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) respectively. Find the coordinates of the centre of mass.

The position vectors of masses m1 and m2 are respectively,

Let the position coordinates of the centre of mass be (X, Y, Z).

Therefore the position vector of centre of mass is,

Since,

Comparing the coefficients of  , we get

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