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What factors contribute to human capital formation?


Investment in education and health, on the job training, migration and information are the services of human capital formation.

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How is human development a broader term as compared to human capital?


Human development and human capital look alike but human development is wider than human capital. Human Capital represents enhanced labour productivity and also stimulates innovations and creates ability to absorb new technology.

Human development is a much wider concept. It asserts that education and health are integral to human well being. That is why, this approach treats human being ends in themselves and human welfare should be increased through investments in education and health even if such investment does not result in higher labour productivity. Therefore, basic education and basic health are important in themselves, irrespective of their contribution to the labour productivity.

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What are the indicators of educational achievement in a country?


Educational achievements in a country are indicated in terms of adult literacy level, primary completion rate and youth literacy rate as is shown by the table below.

 In this table Showing Educational Achievement in India

S. No.

Particulars

1990

2000

1

 
 
 

2

 
 

3

 
 

Adult literacy rate (Percent of people aged 15 + 1)

(a) Male

(b) Female

Primary Completion rate (Percent of relevant age - group)

(a) Male

(b) Female

Youth Literacy rate (Percent of people aged 15 + 24)

(a) Male

(b) Female

 

61.9

37.9

 

78

61

 
 

76.6

54.2

 

68.4

45.4

 

85

69

 
 

79.7

64.8

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What are the main problems of human capital formation in India?


In a developing country like India, a large section of the population is living below the poverty line. Many of them cannot afford to access to basic education and health care facilities. They cannot afford super speciality health care and higher education. Hence low level of education and health are the main problems of human capital formation. When basic education and health care is considered as a right of the citizens, it is the duty of the government to provide these facilities. Per capita expenditure on health and primary education is not sufficient. At least 6 percent of the GDP should be spent on education, but the current level is only 4 percent which has been quite inadequate

Inspite of a provision in our constitution to provide free and compulsory education up to the age of 14, progress in this sector is far short of the target. The enrolment ratio in schools is not satisfactory. There is shortage of qualified teachers in the schools. In elementary education the dropout rate is very high.

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What are the two major sources of human capital in a country?


The two major sources of human capital in a country are:

1. Investment in health.

2. Investment in education.

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