Narrow and broad definitions of money. H.G. Johnson has classified definition of money into narrow definition and broad definition.
1. Narrow definition of money (M = C + DD). It is based on ‘medium of payment’ function only. It is narrow definition of money when money is identified with medium of payment function only and its other functions are overlooked. Thus anything which is used as medium of payment is included in narrow definition of money (M). Accordingly it includes currency (C) and demand deposits (DD). Thus M = C + DD (this is also known as traditional approach to constituents of money supply).
2. Broad definition of money (M = C + DD + TD + SD). It is broad definition of money when scope of money is extended to include ‘store of value’ function in addition to medium of exchange function. These have a high degree of moneyness or liquidity and are widely used as store of value. In addition to currency and demand deposits, (i.e. narrow money), items like ‘time deposits (TD) and savings deposits (SD) at banks and post offices’ are also included in broad money because such financial assets have a high degree of moneyness or liquidity which can be converted in to demand deposits/cheques on a short notice. Thus M = C + DD + TD + SD (this is also known as Modern Approach to constituents of money supply).
Standard and Token Coins. Standard coins refer to those coins whose face (printed) value is equal to its intrinsic value. Intrinsic value refers to the value of the metal the coin is made of and face value refers to the value marked on the face of the coin. For example, if value of the metal used in a five rupee coin is equal to five rupees, it will be called a standard coin and recognised as full-bodied money. It is also called commodity value of money.
Full-bodied money is the money whose value as a commodity (of which it is made of) for non-monetary purposes is as great as its value as money.
Token coins (or token money) refers to money whose face value is much greater than its intrinsic value. All Indian coins like those of र 5, र 2, र 1, etc. are token coins since their value as money is far above the value of metal contained in the coins. Likewise money value of a five hundred rupee note is token money. These are made of inferior metals like nickel, copper, aluminium, etc. Thus token coins are economical as they cost less than their market value. Token money is also called money value of money.