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    Discuss the contribution of Air India and Indian Airlines in the air transport of India.

    Air India provides International Air Services for both passengers and cargo traffic. Air India connects all the continents of the world through its services. In 2005, it carried 12.2 million passengers and 4.8 lakh metric tonnes of cargo.

    In 2005, domestic movement by Indian Airlines involved 24.3 million passengers and 20 lakh metric tonnes of cargo.
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    Discuss advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation.

    The pipeline has certain advantages over other modes of transport:

    1. The pipelines can be laid over difficult terrain as well as under water.

    2. Their operation and maintenance cost is lower.

    3. It involves very low energy consumption.

    4. It ensures steady and constant supply of liquid and gases to the places at long distances.

    5. It minimises transhipment losses and delays.

    6. The pressure of carrying mineral oil and natural gas by railways has been reduced by the use of pipeline transport.

    Disadvantages :

    1. It is very difficult to desert leakage.

    2. Their over laid capacity can not be increased.

    3. Their security is also difficult.

    4. Initial cost of laying the pipelines is very high.
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    What do you mean by communication?

    Communication means sending messages from one place to another. Radio, TV, telephone, telegraph etc are the means of communication.

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    Which are the chief means of transportation in India? Discuss the factors affecting their development.

    The chief means of transportation in India is railways. Railways are called the system of national transportation due to the following reasons :

    (i) It is the main mode of transport with its wider network.

    (ii) Of all other means of transport put together, railways have become for more important in our national economy.

    Its development has been influenced by the political, economic and geographical factors.

    1. Political factors : The British Government wanted to exploit the Indian resources. Therefore it connected the ports and interior parts of the country by railways.

    2. Economic factors : Supply of raw material in industrial and finished goods to markets. The dense population attracted the development of railways track.

    3. Geographical factors : Relief features, climate, forest, desert also influenced the development of railway routes. Hilly regions, deserts, forests, flood-prone areas discouraged the development. On the other hand, northern plains of India provide favourable conditions for railway developments.
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    Give a detailed account of the development of railways in India and highlight their importance.

    Indian railways network is one of the longest in the world. Indian railways is the largest government undertaking in the country. Its network is the fourth biggest network in the world. The total length of Indian Railways network is 63221 km.

    In India the railway system has been divided in 16 zones due to its very large size.

    Indian railways has launched extensive programme o converts the metro and narrow' gauge into broad gauge. Moreover, steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. This step increased the speed as well as the haulage capacity.

    Metro rail revolutionised the urban transport system in Kolkata and Delhi.

    The following table shows the performance of Indian Railways:

    Table : Indian Railways Zone-wise income from passengers and goods (Rupees in lakhs)

    Railway Zone

    Headquarters

    Earnings from Passengers %

    Earnings from Goods %

    % of Total earnings

    Central

    Mumbai CST

    13.62

    8.36

    10.07

    Eastern

    Kolkata

    6.18

    3.3

    4.24

    East Central

    Hajipur

    5.19

    7.84

    6.98

    East Coast

    Bhubaneswar

    2.27

    9.69

    7.27

    Northern

    New Delhi

    15.38

    8.94

    11.04

    North Central

    Allahabad

    6.71

    8.76

    8.09

    North Eastern

    Gorakhpur

    3.44

    1.55

    2.17

    North East Frontier

    Maligaon (Guwahati)

    2.34

    2.59

    2.51

    North Western

    Jaipur

    3.44

    3.04

    3.17

    Southern

    Chennai

    8.74

    3.78

    5.4

    South Central

    Secunderabad

    8.45

    8.88

    8.74

    South Eastern

    Kolkata

    3.23

    7.86

    6.36

    South East Central

    Bilaspur

    1.7

    8.91

    6.56

    South Western

    Hubli

    3.5

    2.27

    2.67

    Western

    Mumbai (Church Gate)

    12.16

    7.32

    8.9

    West Central

    Jabalpur

    3.62

    6.91

    5.83

    Total

    		  

    100

    100

    100

    The importance of railways are as followings :

    1. They are very useful for carrying heavy goods at long distances as compared to other means of transport.

    2. Railways have got for greater capacity for hauling goods them other means of transport. About 4/5 of entire goods traffic. About 4/5 of entire goods traffic in India is carried by railways.

    3. They are cheaper than other means of transport.

    4. They provide employment to about 1603000 workers as regular employees and 200000 as casual labourers.

    5. They link all the capitals of states, important cities and ports and trade centres.
     
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