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Suggest any five physical exercises as corrective measures for Kyphosis and Lordosis. 


Corrective Exercises Related to Kyphosis
1. Lie on back, ie, in supine position with knees drawn up and feet flat on the ground. Both hands should be at sides. Then move your arms sideways in horizontal position. Palms should be upward. Raise your arms upward over the head, palms still up. Hold this position for some time After that bring your arms back in horizontal position. Repeat the exercise at least 10 times.
2 Lie down in prone position. i.e, on chest with hands on your hips. After that, raise your head and trunk several inches from the ground. Your chin should be in during this exercise Hold this position for some time and then come back in previous position. Repeat this exercise at least 10 times.
3 Sit In a normal position, with a stick held in horizontal position overhead, hands well-spread. After that, lower the stick and then raise it behind head and shoulders. While performing this exercise, keep your head and trunk straight. Repeat this exercise 10 to 12 times.

Corrective Exercises Related to Lordosis
1. Lie down in prone position, with hands under abdomen. Then keep hips and shoulders down, press hands up on abdomen and raise lower back.
2. Bend knees forward while allowing hips to bend back behind, keeping back straight and knees pointed in same direction as feet. Descend until thighs are just parallel to floor. Extend knees and hips until legs are straight. Come back in starting position and then repeat the same.
3 Lunge forward with knee on a mat. Take position of the foot beyond knee. Place both hands on knee. Straighten hips of rear leg by pushing hips forward and hold stretch. Repeat with opposite side.
4. Sit on a chair with feet wide apart, Bend and position your shoulders between knees. Then reach to the floor under back of chair. Hold this position for some duration.
5. Lie in prone position on the floor. Keep the palms of your hands on the floor according to shoulders' width. Push torso up keeping pelvis on floor. Hold this position for some time. Sit down with knees extended, feet together and hands at sides. After that, bend forward, touching the fingers to toes. Hold this position for some time. Then come back and repeat. 

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Explain in detail about the effects of regular exercise on Respiratory system.


Regular exercises have following effects on respiratory system:

(i) Increase in size of lungs and chest: When a person performs exercise regularly, he requires more amount of oxygen. He inhales more amount of air during exercise. Gradually in a long period, the size of his lungs and chest increases.

(ii) Increase in residual air volume: Residual air is that amount of air, which is left in the lungs after exhalation. If an individual performs regular exercise, his residual air capacity increases in comparison to an individual who does not perform regular exercise.

(iii) Strong will-power: Regular exercises increase will-power of the individual. As Pranayama, i.e. specific exercise for lungs, increases the will-power of the doer.

(iv) Unused alveolus become active: Regular exercise activates the unused alveolus, because much amount of oxygen, is required in vigorous and prolonged exercise of daily routine. The passive’ alveolus become active.

(v) Decrease in rate of respiration: Itis certain that when a beginner starts exercise, his rate of respiration increases. But when the same individual performs exercise daily, his rate of respiration decreases in comparison to the beginning stage at rest.

(vi) Avoids second wind: For a beginner, the stage of second wind is, indeed, a crucial stage. But for a regular exerciser, it is hardly felt. Sometimes, a well-experienced athlete does not feel it in his course of activity.

(vii) Increase in tidal air capacity: Tidal air is the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs in each quiet respiratory movement. But tidal air capacity is the amount of air that can be breathed in and breathed out, over and above the tidal air by the deepest possible inspiration/expiration respectively.

(viii) Strengthens diaphragm and muscles: Regular exercise strengthens the diaphragm and the muscles of the chest.

(ix) Increase in endurance: If exercise is performed regularly and for a longer period, it increases endurance. An activity can be done for a longer period without taking any rest. Those who do not perform exercise, have less endurance. They cannot continue exercise for a long duration.

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What is contusion?


A region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured.

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Participation in physical activity for a longer duration maintain functional fitness among aged population. Justify


 i. Changes in Sensory Organs
ii. Changes in Skin iii. Changes in sleep
iv. Changes in bone density
v. Changes in Metabolism
vi. Changes in brain and nervous system/ brain ageing
vii. Heart and blood circulation
viii. Change in body composition.
ix. Slow down loss of muscle mass
x. Reduces age related diseases
xi. Improves muscular strength xii. Enhances lung capacity
xiii. Improves flexibility xiv. Decreases stress and tensions

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What does the word 'Coping strategies' mean, when talking about sports psychology?


In the field of psycology, coping refers to the thoughts and actions which we usually used to deal with a threatening situation.In fact psycological mechanism of coping are commonly called coping stratiges.

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Define Friction and name its types.


The force that opposes the motion of an object is called Friction.
Two types of friction are-1.Static friction 
                                    2.Dynamic friction
                                       a.Sliding friction 
                                       b.Rolling friction

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