Three identical cells each of e.m.f. 2 V and unknown internal resistance are connected in parallel. This combination is connected to a 5 ohm resistor. If the terminal voltage across the cells is 1.5 volt, what is the internal resistance of each cell?

Effective emf of three cells in parallel, ε = 2 V
Internal resistance, r=?
External resistance, R= 5 ohm
Terminal voltage across the cell, V= 1.5 V 
Let, internal resistance of each cell be 'r' ohm. 
Effective internal resistance of each three cells in parallel, r= r/3
Therefore,
Total resistance of circuit = r3+R.   
Now we have,
             V = εRr+R

Terminal voltage, V = ε × R(r/3) +R
  1.5 = 2 × 5(r/3) +5  
     r =5 Ω

 
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Calculate the conductivity of a wire of length 2 m, area of cross-section 2 cm2 and resistance 10–4Ω. 


Given,
Length of the wire, l=2 m
Area of cross section of wire, A= 2 cm2 
Resistance of wire, R= 10-4 Ω 

Electrical conductivity, 

          σ = 1ρ and ρ=RAlThat is, σ = lRA   = 210-4 × 2 × 10-4   = 108 Sm-1
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Two electric bulbs A and B are marked 220 V, 40 W and 220 V, 60 W respectively. Which one of these bulbs has higher resistance?

Given, two electrical bulbs.
Potential across first bulb, V1= 220 V
Power of first bulb, P1= 40 W
Potential across second bulb, V2 = 220 V
Power of second bulb, P2 = 60 W

Now,
P = V
2/R or R = V2/P
i.e., R ∝ 1/P.
Resistance is inversely proportional to power.
Therefore, the first bulb having lesser power has higher resistance.
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A 60 watt bulb carries a current of 0.5 ampere. Find the total charge passing through it in 1 hour.

Current carried by the bulb, I= 0.5 A
Time given, t = 1 hour= 3600 sec
Therefore,
Charge passing through the bulb, q = It
                                                  = 0.5 x (60 x 60)
                                                  = 1800 C
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A resistance coil develops heat of 800 cal/sec when 20 volt is applied across its ends. Find the resistance of the coil (1 cal. = 4.2 joule). ∴ 1 cal = 4.2 J
ρ = 800 cal/sec = 800 x 4.2 J/s
ρ = 800 x 4.2 Watt.

Potenial applied across the coil, V= 20 V
Heat developed across the coil, H= 800 cal/sec

P = V2R or R = V2P         = (20)2800 × 4.2 = 0.12 Ω. 
which is the required resistance across the coil.
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