Mention the four language families in India. Which one of them is spoken by the largest number of population in the country? In which four states this language is mainly spoken?


The language families are mentioned below:

(i)Indo-European family (Aryan) 

(ii)Dravidian family 

(iii)Austric family,

(iv)Sino-Tibetan family

Indo-Aryan language is spoken by the largest number of population about 73%.

The states in which this language (Hindi) is spoken are:

(i) Uttar Pradesh

(ii)Haryana

(iii)Madhya Pradesh.

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Mention the causes of the rapid growth of population in India from 1951 to 1981.


The causes:

(i)rapid fall in the mortality rate 

(ii)It is in this period, after the Independence, that developmental activities were introduced through a centralised planning process and economy started showing up ensuring the improvement of living condition of people at large.

(ii)Consequently, there was a high natural increase and higher growth rate. Besides, increased international migration bringing in Tibetans, Bangladeshis, Nepalies and even people from Pakistan contributed to the high growth rate.

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What do you know about the linguistic composition of India? Explain.


India is a land of linguistic diversity.

(i)According to Grierson (Linguistic Survey of India, 1903 –1928) there were 179 languages and as many as 544 dialects in the country.

(ii)In the context of modern India, there are about 18 scheduled languages (1991 census) and a number of nonscheduled languages.

(iii)Among the scheduled languages, the speakers of Hindi have the highest percentage (40.42). The smallest language groups are Kashmiri and Sanskrit speakers (0.01 per cent each).

(iv)However, it is noticed that the linguistic regions in the country do not maintain a sharp and distinct boundary, rather they gradually merge and overlap in their respective border zones.

(v)The speakers of major Indian languages belong to four language families, which have their sub-families and branches or groups.
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Explain the four different phases of population growth in India along the factors responsible for it.


The four different phases of population growth in India are explained below:

(i)Phase I : The period from 1901-1921 is referred to as a period of stagnant or stationary phase of growth of India’s population, since in this period growth rate was very low, even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921. Both the birth rate and death rate were high keeping the rate of increase low.

Poor health and medical services, illiteracy of people at large and inefficient distribution system of food and other basic necessities were largely responsible for a high birth and death rates in this period.

(ii)Phase II : The decades 1921-1951 are referred to as the period of steady population growth. An overall improvement in health and sanitation throughout the country brought down the mortality rate. At the same time better transport and communication system improved distribution system. The crude birth rate remained high in this period leading to higher growth rate than the previous phase. 

(iii)Phase III : The decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India, which was caused by a rapid fall in the mortality rate but a high fertility rate of population in the country. The average annual growth rate was as high as 2.2 per cent. It is in this period, after the Independence, that developmental activities were introduced through a centralised planning process and economy started showing up ensuring the improvement of living condition of people at large. Consequently, there was a high natural increase and higher growth rate.

(iv)Phase IV : In the post 1981 till present, the growth rate of country’s population though remained high, has started slowing down gradually.

A downward trend of crude birth rate is held responsible for such a population growth. This was, in turn, affected by an increase in the mean age at marriage, improved quality of life particularly education of females in the country.

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Examine the religious composition of India.


The dependency of human population is the portion of the total population who does not contribute directly to any economically gainful work. Usually ratio of population below 15 years of age is designated as young and ratio of population above 60 years is old. Both young and old population form dependent population. Dependency ratio in India is 78.3% according 1991 census. According to census 2001 it is 76.4%. Dependency ratio is calculated as under :


The dependency of human population is the portion of the total popula

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