Of the total incident solar radiation, the proportion of PAR is�

Which one of the following animals may occupy more than one trophic levels in the same ecosystem at the same time?

  • Sparrow

  • Lion

  • Goat

  • Goat


A.

Sparrow

Sparrow feeds upon grains hence, is called primary consumer or herbivore and belong to second trophic level (T2). it also feeds upon insects in the same ecosystem at the same time, hence, called secondary consumer or primary carnivores and now belongs to third trophic level (T3)

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Of the total incident solar radiation, the proportion of PAR is 

  • about 60%

  • less than 50%

  • more than 80%

  • more than 80%


B.

less than 50%

PAR ( photosynthetically active radiation) designates the spectral range of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nm that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis. Of the total incident solar radiation, the proportion of PAR is less than 50%.

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Which one of the following statements is correct for secondary succession?

  • It occurs on a deforested site

  • It follows primary succession

  • It is similar to primary succession except that it has a relatively fast pace

  • It is similar to primary succession except that it has a relatively fast pace


A.

It occurs on a deforested site

Secondary succession or subsere is ecological succession that takes place in a recently denuded area which still contains a lot of organic debris, remains and propagules of previously living organisms. It is a more common and caused by baring of an area due to forest fires, deforestation, excessive overgrazing, landslides, earthquakes, repeated floods, etc. Only 50 to 100 years are required for establishment of a grassland over a recently denuded area. Formation of forest requires 100 to 200 years.

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Both, hydrarch and xerarch successions lead to

  • medium water conditions

  • xeric conditions

  • highly dry conditions

  • highly dry conditions


A.

medium water conditions

Hydrarch succession takes place in water areas and the successional series progress from hydric to the mesic conditions. As against the xerarch succession takes place in dry areas and series progress from xeric to mesic conditions. Hence, both hydrarch and xerarch succession lead to medium water conditions (mesic)-neither too dry (xeric) nor too wet (hydric).

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Which one of the following statements for pyramid of energy is incorrect, whereas the remaining three are correct?

  • It shows energy content of different trophic level organisms

  • It is inverted in shape

  • It is upright in shape

  • It is upright in shape


B.

It is inverted in shape

Pyramid of energy is graphic representation of energy per unit area sequence-wise in various rising trophic levels with producers at the base and top carnivores at the apex. Pyramid of energy is upright in all the cases. It is also more accurate than other types of ecological pyramids. 

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