Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era is characterised by

• gymnosperms are dominant plants and first birds appear

• radiation of reptiles and origin of mammal like reptiles

• dinosaurs become extinct and angiosperms appear

• dinosaurs become extinct and angiosperms appear

A.

gymnosperms are dominant plants and first birds appear

Jurassic period is the second geological period of Mesozoic era. In this period, the gymnosperms were dominant and the plants included ferns, cycads, Ginkgo, rushes and conifers. Among animals, important invertebrates included ammonites, corals, brachiopods, bivalves and echinoids. Reptiles dominated the vertebrates and the first flying reptiles the pterosaurs appeared.
The first primitive bird, Archaeopteryx, also made its appearance.

C.

Both sons and daughters

(i) Woman is a carrier
(ii) Both son & daughter inherit X–chromosome
(iii) Although only son be the diseased\

$$\begin{gathered} X^{c}X x XY \\ \downarrow \\ {X}^{c}X X^{c}Y XX XY \end{gathered}$$

B.

Saltation

As per mutation theory given by Hugo de Vries, the evolution is a discontinuous phenomenon or saltatory phenomenon.

A.

homologous and vestigial organs

An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is the occurrence of homologous and vestigial organs. Homologous organs are those which have the common origin and are built on the same fundamental pattern but they perform different functions and have different appearances e.g., whale's flipper, bat's wings, cat's paw, horse's front leg, bird's wing, ox's front leg and human hand.
Vestigial organs in animals are those having no function now, in them, but had important functions in their ancestors.
Analogous organs are quite different in fundamental structure and embryonic origin but perform the same function. The study of analogous organs illustrates the occurrence of convergent evolution.

C.

Glutamic acid

Miller and Urey were the two scientists who recreated the conditions of primitive earth in laboratory and abiotically synthesized amino acids and bases. They synthesized glycine, aspartic acid and alanine in abundance quantities while glutamic acid is not synthesized in their experiment.