Which one of the following pairs of organs includes only the endocrine glands?

  • Parathyroid and adrenal 

  • Pancreas and parathyroid

  • Thymus and testes

  • Thymus and testes


A.

Parathyroid and adrenal 

In the vertebrate body, the glands may be classified on the basis of presence or absence of ducts, ie exocrine and endocrine glands. The secretions of exocrine glands are carried by ducts to a particular organ for some metabolic activity, eg, salivary glands, liver. The endocrine glands have no ducts and their secretions get absorbed into the immediate surrounding blood circulation to reach the specific organs to initiate a particular metabolic change, eg, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus.The glands, which have dual functions (ie, secretion of hormones and some other functions) are called heterochrony glands, eg, pancreas, testes, ovaries

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Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation?

  • Eastrogens

  • FSH

  • FSH-RH

  • FSH-RH


D.

FSH-RH

Menstruation is caused by the reduction of estrogen and progesterone, especially progesterone at the end of monthly ovarian cycle. The first effect is decreased stimulation of the endometrial cells by these two hormones followed rapidly by involution of the endometrium itself to about 65% of its previous thickness.

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In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of

  • LH only

  • Combination of FSH and LH

  • Combination of estrogen and progesterone 

  • Combination of estrogen and progesterone 


C.

Combination of estrogen and progesterone 

When the production of progesterone and estrogen hormone stops in blood this leads to shed off the lying of uterine endometrium. Therefore, by supply of estrogen and progesterone the menstruation can be deferred.

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Sertoli cells are regulated by the pituitary hormone known as

  • FSH

  • GH

  • Prolactin

  • Prolactin


A.

FSH

Sertoli cells are the cells that line the seminiferous tubules in the testis. These cells protect the spermatids and convey nutrients to both the developing and mature spermatozoa. Sertoli cells are regulated by FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) as the FSH receptors are confined to the sertoli cells.



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Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an endocrine gland after ovulation?

  • Graaffian follicle

  • Stroma

  • Germinal epithelium

  • Germinal epithelium


A.

Graaffian follicle

During ovulation, the mature follicle or Graafian follicle bursts and the ovum is released. After ovulation, the granulosa cells and the interstitial cells form a mass of large and yellowish conical cells. This is named as Corpus luteum which serves as a temporary endocrine gland by releasing progesterone and estrogen. 

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