What are ideal and non-ideal solutions? Mention one nearly ideal solution.

Answer:

The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are known as ideal solutions. The ideal solutions have two other important properties. The enthalpy of mixing of the pure components to form the solution is zero and the volume of mixing is
also zero, i.e.,
ΔmixH = 0,  ΔmixV = 0

ideal behaviour of the solutions can be explained by considering two components A and
B. In pure components, the intermolecular attractive interactions will be of types A-A and B-B, whereas in the binary solutions in addition
to these two interactions, A-B type of interactions will also be present.
If the intermolecular attractive forces between the A-A and B-B are nearly equal to those between A-B, this leads to the formation of ideal
solution. example are  Solution of n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and chloroethane, benzene and toluene, etc

 

When a solution does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration, then it is called non-ideal solution.
example Mixtures of ethanol and acetone.

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What is the Van’t Hoff factor? How does is modify the equation for the elevation of boiling points?

The Van’t Hoff factor is expressed as

          i=observed colligative propertyNormal colligative propertyor  i = Normal molecular of the soluteObserved molecular mass of the solute

Modified equation for the elevation of boiling point 

ΔTb = i Kbm
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Sometimes the molecular mass determined from colligative properties of solutions, show abnormal values. Explain?

Collegative properties of solution are the properties which depend upon the number of particles present in the solution. When the solute does not undergo any chemical/physical change, the molecular mass of the solute as obtained from the colligative properties is equal to its stoichiometric value.

Therefore in many cases where the solute associate or dissociate in solution certain abnormal values of colligative properties are obtained the value of molecule masses calculated based on colligative properties in such cases will also be abnormal.

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State Raoult’s law. If AT is the elevation of boiling point of a solvent and m is the number of moles of solute per kg of solvent, what is the realationship between T and m?

Raoult’s law: It states that whenever a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent the vapour pressure of the solvent is lowered and the lowering of vapour pressure s directly proportional to the mole-fraction of the solute added.

pA ∝ xA
                        
P0A-PA = P0A  XB

or            P0A-PAPA0 = XB

where P
0A is the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.
PA is the vapour pressure of the solution.
XB is the mole fraction of non-volatile solute.
Thus, according to Raoult’s law, the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole-fraction of the solute in solution.
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What is osmotic pressure? How is it dependent on the number of moles of a solute?


Answer:

The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution to prevent the entry of the solvent in to the solution through the semi-premeable membrane is called the osmotic pressure. It is given by:

osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a given temperature T. Thus:
Π = C R T
Here Π is the osmotic pressure and R is the
gas constant.
Π = (n2 /V) R T

where π is the osmotic pressure.
n is the number of moles of solute.
v is volume of solution.
r is the universal gas constant.
T is the absolute temperature.
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