Examine why Bernier was against the idea of crown ownership of land in Mughal India.
Bernier’s idea of Crown ownership in Mughal India:
(i) He believed in the virtues of Private Property.
(ii) He saw crown ownership of land as being harmful for both the state and the people.
(iii) Land holders could not pass on their land to their children
(iv) They were averse to long term investment expansion of production.
(v) The absence of Private property prevented the emergence of class of improving landlords.
(vi) It had led to uniform ruination of agriculture.
(vii) Excessive oppression of the peasantry and decline in the standard of living.
(viii) He warned that if European kings followed the Mughal model their kingdoms would be very far from being well cultivated and peopled.
(ix) It has led to impoverishment of the peasantry.
(x) There was no middle state in India.
(xi) He saw the Mughal Emperors as the “king of the Beggars and the Barbarians”.
(xii) He considered revenue as the rent because land revenue demands were often very high.
(ANY TWO)
‘Kabir was and is to the present a source of inspiration for those who questioned entrenched social institutions and ideas in their search for divine.’ Explain.
Why were many Zamindaris auctioned after the Permanent Settlement in Bengal ? Give two reasons.
What evidences have been put forward to explain the collapse of the Harappan Civilization ?
Examine the circumstances that led to the passing of ‘Limitation Laws’ by the British in 1859.
“The nobility was recruited consciously by the Mughal rulers from diverse ethnic and religious groups.” Justify.
On the given outline political map of India locate and label the following with appropriate symbols:
(a) Ajmer, a territory under Mughals.
(b) Gwalior, a centre of the Revolt of 1857.
On the same map three places related to the mature Harappan sites has been marked as A, B, C. Identify them and write their names correctly on the lines drawn near them.
The burials in Harappan sites reveal the economic and social differences amongst the people living within a particular culture. Give two evidences in support of your answer.
