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 Explain why :
(c) Micturition is reflex process but is under some  control.


Micturition is the process of release
of urine.
The neural mechanisms causing it is called the micturition reflex.
The stretching of the urinary bladder activates the stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder. These receptors send signals to the central nervous system. The CNS passes the motor message to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladde and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causing the release of the urine. 
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Explain why :

(a) Skin functions as an accessory excretory organ.


Discuss the various abnormal constituents of urine.

Write nitrogens waste products in different vertebrates.

Briefly explain the following:
i. Flame cells.
ii. Nephridia.

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