Development is influenced by different socio-cultural factors. These are:

(i) The microsystem: It is the immediate environment or setting in which the individual lives. It is in these settings where the child directly interacts with social agents (such as family, peers, teachers and neighbourhood).

(ii) The mesosystem: It consists of relations between these contexts. For instance, how a child’s parents relate to the teachers, or how the parents view the adolescent’s friends are experiences, likely to influence an individual’s relationship’s with others.

(iii) The exosystem: It includes events in social settings where the child does not participate directly, but they influence the child’s experiences in the immediate context. For example, the transfer of father or mother may cause tension among the parents which might affect their interactions with the child or the general amenities available to the child like quality of schooling, libraries, medical care, means of entertainment, etc.

(iv) Macrosystem: It includes the culture in which the individual lives.

(v) Chronosystem: It involves events in the individual’s life course, and socio-historical circumstances of the time such as divorce of parents or parent’s economic setback, and their effect on the child.