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Explain the meaning of the following terms/words :

(i) Antithesis (ii) Thesis

(iii) Synthesis (iv) Variable

(v) Bureaucracy (vi) Organic Analogy

(vii) Capitalism


(i) Antithesis : Opposite of original state (position) / theme or proposition.

(ii) Thesis : Original state / theme / proposition.

(iii) Synthesis : A resultant of interaction between thesis and antithesis.

(iv) Variable : A social factor such as age, social class etc. which can be observed to affect other measures, such as income level.

(v) Bureaucracy : Type of organisation in which administration is based upon impersonal, written rules and a hierarchy of offices.

(vi) Organic Analogy : Comparison made to show a degree of similarity between living organs.

(vii) Capitalism : Free economy operating according to market forces (e.g. demand and supply etc.), private ownership (i.e. factors of production, such as land, factory, capital, means of transportation and communication etc.

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State the limitations of historical method.

Write in short the meaning of the following terms/words :

(i) Ideal Type

(ii) Latent Functions

(iii) Integration

(iv) Ideographic

(v) Functionalism


What is meant of the following terms/words :

(i) Concomitant Variation

(ii) Nomothetic

(iii) Conjectural

(iv) Cross-Cultural Method

(v) Dialectical

(vi) Materialism

(vii) Equilibrium

(viii) Manifest Functions

(ix) Ethnographic


Discuss how the historical method can be explained through Karl Marx’s description of class conflict.

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