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Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn-Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.


Ibn-Battuta and Bernier have written the accounts of their travels from different perspectives. Ibn-Battuta described everything that impressed and excited him because of its novelty On the other hand, Francois Bernier had a different intellectural tradition. He wrote about whatever he saw in India. But he compared and contrasted it with the situation in Europe in general and France in particular. He focussed on situations which seemed depressing to him. He wanted to influence the policy makers and the intelligentsia. He wanted them to take right decisions.

In fact Bernier wanted to pin-point the weaknesses of the Indian society. He considered the Mughal India inferior to the European society.

On the other hand, Ibn-Battuta recorded his observations about new cultures, peoples, beliefs and values.

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Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier's account.

What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?


Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn-Battuta.


Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.


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