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Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn-Battuta.


According to Ibn-Battuta, slaves like any other commodity, were openly sold in the markets. They were also regularly exchanged as gifts.

(i) When Ibn-Battuta reached Sind, he purchased horses, camels and slaves. He wanted to offer them as gifts to Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

(ii) When Ibn-Battuta reached Multan, he presented not only raisins and almonds to the governor but also a slave and horse.

(iii) There were some female slaves in the service of the Sultan. They were experts in music and dance. Ibn-Battuta enjoyed their performance at the wedding of the sister of Sultan.

(iv) The Sultan also employed female slaves to keep a watch on his nobles.

(v) The slaves were also engaged for domestic work. They carried men and women on palanquins or dola. But they were given low wages.

(vi) Most families kept one or two slaves.

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Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.


Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn-Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.


Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier's account.

What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?


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