(ii) Some party-based movements continued in the post-independence period, for example Trade Union movement in Mumbai, Kolkata and Kanpur. All major political parties have their own trade union for mobilising these sections of workers.
(iii) Peasants in Telangana organised agitations under the leadership of Communist parties. Marxist-Leninist worked organised agitations of agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar on the issues of economic injustice and inequality.
(iv) These movements do not take part in elections formally and yet retain connections with political parties to ensure a better representation of the demands of diverse social sections in party politics.
Turning their backs to the sun, they journeyed through centuries.
Now, now we must refuse to be pilgrims of darkness.
That one, our father, carrying, carrying the darkness is now bent;
Now, now we must lift the burden from his back.
Our blood was spilled for this glorious city
And what we got was the right to eat stones
Now, now we must explode the building that kisses the sky!
After a thousand years we were blessed with sunflower giving fakir;
Now, now, we must like sunflowers turn our faces to the sun.
(i) Who wrote this poem originally in Marathi ?
(ii) What do you understand by ‘pilgrims of darkness’ ?
(iii) Who was the ‘Sunflower giving fakir’ that blessed the ‘pilgrims of darkness’ ?
(iv) What is expressed by the poems?
| A. Chipko Movement | (i) West Bengal |
| B. Naxalite Movement | (ii) Maharashtra |
| C. Dalit Panthers | (iii) Western UP |
| D. Bharatiya Kisan Union | (iv) Uttarakhand |
“_________ of Maharastra declared the farmers’ movement as a war of _______ (symbolising rural,_______ sector) against forces of India (_______ sector).
