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State the symptoms and sources of stress.


• Everyone has higher own pattern of stress response. So the warning signs may vary, as may their intensity.

• Some of us know our pattern of stress response and can understand the depth of the problem by the nature and severity of our own symptoms or changes in behaviour.

• These symptoms of stress can be physical, emotional and behavioural.

A wide range of events and conditions can generate stress; among the most important of these are major stressful life events such as death of a loved one or personal injury, the annoying frequent hassles of everyday life and traumatic events that affect our lives.

(i) Recent Life Events:

• Changes, both big and small, sudden and gradual affect our life from the moment we are born.

• We learn to cope with small, everyday changes but major life events can be stressful because they disturb our routine and cause trouble.

• If several of these life events that are planned (e.g., moving into a new house) or unpredicted (e.g., break-up of a long-term relationship) occur within a short period of time, we find it difficult to cope with them and will be more prone to the symptoms of stress.

(ii) Daily Hassles: There are daily hassles from which we have to cope like noisy surroundings, quarrelsome neighbours, electricity and water shortage, traffic jams, and so on.

The more stressed people report as a result of daily hassles, the poorer is the psychological well-being.

(iii) Traumatic Events:

• These include being involved in a variety of extreme events such as fire, train or road accident, robbery, earthquake, tsunami, etc.

• The effects of these events may occur after some lapse of time and sometimes persist as symptoms of anxiety, flashbacks, dreams and intrusive thoughts etc.

• Severe trauma can also strain relationships.

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Explain the effect of stress on psychological functioning.


Describe the GAS model and illustrate the relevance of this model with the help of an example.


Enumerate the different ways of coping with stress.


Explain the concept of stress. Give examples from daily life.


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