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Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that

  • The true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation.

  • The melanic form of the moth has no selective advantage over lighter form in industrial area

  • The lighter-form moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area

  • The lighter-form moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area


A.

The true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation.

Industrial melanism is a term used to describe the evolutionary process in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter individuals since the industrial revolution as a result of natural selection. In 1848 a black form of the moth was recorded in Manchester and by 1895,  98% of the peppered moth population in Manchester was black. This black "melanic" form arose by a recurring random mutation, but its phenotypic appearance had a strong selective advantage in industrial areas. 

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The concept of chemical evolution is based on

  • cyrstallization of chemicals

  • interaction of water, air and clay under intense heat

  • effect of solar radiation on chemicals

  • effect of solar radiation on chemicals


About 98 percent of the mass of every living organism is composed of just six elements including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and

  • phosphorus and sulphur

  • sulphur and magnesium

  • magnesium and sodium

  • magnesium and sodium


One of the important consequences of geographical isolation is

  • no change in the isolated fauna

  • preventing speciation

  • speciation through reproductive isolation

  • speciation through reproductive isolation


Among the human ancestors the brain size was more that 1000 CC in

  • Homo neander-thalensis

  • Homo erectus

  • Ramapithecus

  • Ramapithecus


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