What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java?
Apart from various dissimilarities, there were many similarities in the colonial management of the forests in Bastar and Java in Indonesia which are described below:
(i) Both were under the colonial rule.
(ii) For the forest management forest, Acts were implemented.
(iii) The traditional local people were debarred from the benefit of forests.
(iv) Scientific forestry was implemented.
Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:
• Shifting cultivators
• Nomadic and pastoralist communities
• Firms trading in timber / forest produce
• Plantation owners
• King / British officials engaged in Shikar
Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian sub-continent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.56 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline:
• Railways
• Shipbuilding
• Agricultural expansion
• Commercial farming
• Tea / Coffee plantations
• Adivasis and other peasant users
Why are forests affected by wars?
