State any five features of planning.
Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. Its important features include:
(i) Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Planning involves certain steps like determination of objectives, and development of policies, programs and procedures to achieve the objectives of organisation.
(ii) Planning is a primary function of management: Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning precedes other functions. This is also referred to as the primacy of planning.
(iii) Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation. It is not an exclusive function of top management nor of any particular department.
(iv) Planning is continuous: Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for a month, a quarter, or a year. At the end of that period there is need for a new plan to be
drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a continuous process.
(v) Planning is futuristic: Planning essentially involves looking ahead and preparing for the future. The purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. Thus it is futuristic in nature.
Manu, a Chief Manager in a company using highly sophisticated machines and equipment, wants that every employee should be fully trained before using the machines and equipment. Suggest and describe the best method of training that Manu can use for training the employees.
What is meant by decentralisation? State any four points of importance of decentralisation.
Give the meaning of 'Supervision' as an element of 'Directing' and any four points that explain its role.
