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What is a kidney stone ?


A kidney stone is formed by the precipitation of uric acid or oxalate.

Symptoms :

1. It blocks the kidney tubule.

2. It may pass into the ureter or urinary bladder and may grow, and cause severe pain or blockage.

3. When, the stone is in bladder, the patient experiences frequent and painful urination and may pass blood in urine.

 

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What is the function of osmoreceptors ?

Explain 
Different parts of a nephron participate in different ways in the formation of urine.

Discuss how kidney transplantation occurs.

Explain why :
Mammals are ureotelic, but birds are obliged to be uricotelic.

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