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The Industrial Revolution had following effects on agriculture or farming:

(i) More Demand of Raw-Material: There was a rapid growth in the demand for raw material. It was an effect on industrialisation.

(ii) Mechanised Farming: To meet the increasing demand for more raw material the farmers used the new machines for sowing, ploughing, digging, reaping and thrashing purposes.

(iii) The invention of chemical fertilisers: The chemical fertilisers were used to grow bumper crops. It improved the financial condition of the farmers.

(iv) Digging of Soils: The new machines were used in digging the soil deeply. Thus, the barren lands were brought under cultivation and new crops were grown.

Tips: -

 (V. Imp.)

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We can say without any doubt and hesitation that industrialization was a natural step in man's progress. Because progress is natural to mankind. Moreover, it has rightly been said and proved that 'Necessity is the mother of invention'. It can very easily be proved if we have a glance on the life of man since the beginning of mankind i.e., the prehistoric days.

In the Pre-historic period the stone-age man made rough tools and weapons of stone to hunt the wild animals for food etc. Gradually the man improved these stone implements. In due course he learnt how to make fire and invented wheel. The invention of wheel was helpful in farming, pottery and above all transportation.

By and by the human society divided itself into various occupations and professions. Some became farmers, some other black-smiths, weavers, carpenters, potters, soldiers etc. Then there arose the need for trade. For trade the means of transport were so developed that trade and commerce became the major occupations of people. With the rapid growth in trade, increase in population, need and demand for the various commodities, the desire for more profit inspired the people for more production. For more and rapid production of the goods the inventions were made.

The machines of various kinds were invented and the factories were setup. The exchange of goods through trade among the different countries rapidly progressed when it still developing and continuing. So in this way the Industrialization took place which was a natural, step in man's progress.

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1. Weaknesses and disadvantages of producing goods under the capitalist system :
(i) While producing the goods the capitalist producer does not care for the quality of goods and as well demand of the public. He is concerned only with his own profit.

(ii) The capitalist does not have the feeling of loyalty and faithfulness to his country and countrymen. So, the does not care what the country needs, but his own profit.

(iii) The capitalist remains honest to the consumer in the quality of goods only so long as he captures the market. Thereafter he starts to produce the inferior quality goods and restores to malpractices, black market, etc.

2. Weakness and disadvantages in services under the capitalist system :
(i) The capitalist tries to exploit the workers in every way, he extracts more and more work from them while paying them the less wages.

(ii) He may employ a worker and labourer whenever he likes and throws him out of job if he does not like him or does not need his services.

(iii) He prefers to employ the innocent children and women in his factory because their labour proves cheaper. In this way he does not hesitate in ruining the health of the children and women.

(iv) Many times the capitalists do not introduce any reforms in their factories due to which some times the serious accidents occur.

3. Advantages that a socialist system can have over a society based on capitalism :
Under the socialist system all the factories, industries and means of production are the state property while in capitalist system these all belong to the private owners. The socialist system can have the following advantages over the capital system.

(i) Wealth is not concentrated in few hands but whole society gets the benefits of the profits by equal distribution of wealth.

(ii) The workers and labourers are not forced to put in more work for less wages. Thus, there is no exploitation of the workers.

(iii) In the socialist system on society the goods are produced according to-the need of the society and not for the sake of profit only.

(iv) Socialism promises the fulfilment of the minimum necessities of life like food, cloth and shelter to all the people.

(v) In the capitalits system the stress is laid to produce luxury goods while in the socialist system such goods are produced as are necessary for daily use which promote better life of all the sections of society.

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(V. Imp.)

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Inventions in the Textile Industry:

(i) Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 which speeded up the spinning work.

(ii) John Key invented Flying Shuttle which speeded up weaving.

(iii) In 1776 Arkwright improved Hargreaves’ s machine. Now it could be run by water power. It was called The Water Frame.

(iv) In 1776 Crompton invented the machine called Mule which combined the advantages of both the machines invented by Hargreaves and Arkwright.

(v) In 1785 Cartwright invented the Power-loom. It was run by steam power for spinning and weaving.

(vi) Eli Whitney, invented the Cotton Jin in 1793. This machine could separate seeds from cotton 300 times faster than by hand.

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(i) The Industrial Revolution started first of all in England and not in any other country of Europe. The main reasons for this development are the following circumstances which were present at that time i.e., the latter half of the 18th century only in England.

(ii) The British traders had been doing the trade in foreign countries for a long time. Thus, they had accumulated sufficient capital which is the primary need for establishing the factories and industries.

(iii) England had plenty of natural resources like iron and coal which are essential for industries.

(iv) England had established a large number of new colonies from where she could get the cheap raw-material. These colonies could also serve as best markets to sell their finished goods.

(v) England had developed a large and big shipping industry which solved the problem of transporting the things to far away countries.

(vi) Due to Agrarian Revolution many agriculturalists went out of job. Such people supplied the factory owners with cheap labour.

(vii) The English people were quite enterprising, energetic and hard working. So they made inventions of new machines and started the industries.

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 (V. Imp.)