Define Climate. from Geography Climate Class 11 CBSE
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Define Climate.


The average weather conditions of a sizeable area of the earth's surface over a period of time usually spread over a span of at least 30 years.

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Describe the regional variation in temparature experienced in India. 

The regional variation in temperature is described below:

(i)While in the summer the mercury occasionally touches 55°C in the western Rajasthan, it drops down to as low as minus 45°C in winter around Leh.

(ii)Churu in Rajasthan may record a temperature of 50°C or more on a June day while the mercury hardly touches 19°C in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh on the same day.

(iii)On a December night, temperature in Drass , Jammu and Kashmir may drop down to minus 45°C while Thiruvananthapuram or Chennai on the same night records 20°C or 22°C.

(iv)In Kerala and in the Andaman Islands, the difference between day and night temperatures may be hardly seven or eight degree Celsius.

(v)But in the Thar desert, if the day temperature is around 50°C, at night, it may drop down considerably upto 15°-20°C.

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Discuss land and water and as a  factor determining the climate of India.

Land and Water :

(i)India is flanked by the Indian Ocean on three sides in the south and girdled by a high and continuous mountain-wall in the north.

(ii)As compared to the landmass, water heats up or cools down slowly. This differential heating of land and sea creates different air pressure zones in different seasons in and around the Indian subcontinent.

(iii)Difference in air pressure causes reversal in the direction of monsoon winds.
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Explain EI-Nino with its implication.

EI-Nino is a complex weather system that appears once every three to seven years, bringing drought, floods and other weather extremes to different parts of the world.

The system involves oceanic and atmospheric phenomena with the appearance of warm currents off the coast of Peru in the Eastern Pacific and affects weather in many places including India.

EI-Nino is merely an extension of the warm equatorial current which gets replaced temporarily by cold Peruvian current or Humbolt current. This current increases the temperature of water on the Peruvian coast by 10°C.

This results in:

(i) the distortion of equatorial atmospheric circulation;

(ii) irregularities in the evaporation of sea water;

(iii) reduction in the amount of planktons which further reduces the number of fish in the sea
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Describe the significance of Himalayan mountain on the climate of India.

The Himalayan Mountains :


(i)The lofty Himalayas in the north along with its extensions act as an effective climatic divide.

(ii)The towering mountain chain provides an invincible shield to protect the subcontinent from the cold northern winds.

(iii)These cold and chilly winds originate near the Arctic circle and blow across central and eastern Asia. The Himalayas also trap the monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture within the subcontinent.
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