The new rights claims which are being put forward in our country today are discussed below:

(i)The Rights of Tribal Peoples : The tribal people had been living in forest since time immemorial. Their livelihood, culture habitat and even way of life depends on forest, land and water. They are demanding these rights for several years. They are propagating the idea that they are born with certain rights connected directly with their lives. They urge that no state or organisation on the name of development should take away what had been enjoyed by them since ages. They consider all these demands justified and as even use the term human rights for all tribal people across the country.

(ii)The Right of children against bonded labour : The children are the future of every nation including India. The right against exploitation demands their protection. They must be freed from bonded labour and child labour. Free and compulsary education will mean nothing to them if they are constantly used as bonded labour by the people with resources. They must be set free from the wrong practice of child labour. They must have equal opportunities to be free and realise their full potential.

The differentiation is made below:

(i) Political Rights : It is composed of diffrent rights such as:

(a) Right to Equality :Political rights give to the citizens the right to equality before law and the right to participate in the political process.

(b) Right to vote: Political rights also include such rights as the right to vote and elect representatives, the right to contest elections, the right of form political parties or join them.

Political rights are supplemented by several types of civil liberties, such as a free and fair trial, the right to express one’s views freely, the right to protest and express dissent. Political rights make the government accountable to the people, by giving greater importance to the concerns of the individual over that of the rulers and by ensuring that all persons have an opportunity to influence the decisions of the government.

(ii)Economic Rights: These rights entitiles to have basic needs of life such as right to food, shelter, clothing, health, etc. citizens can enjoy their political rights only when their basic needs are fulfilled. Political rights by themselves have little value without economic rights. 

(iii)Cultural Rights : Today, in addition to political and economic rights more and more democracies are recognising the cultural rights of the citizen. Cultural Rights consist of:

(a) The right to have primary education is one’s mother tongue.

(b) The right to establish institutions for teaching one’s language and

Most people love their own language and dialect, their way of living their own literature, music, dance, style of painting, way or style of construction building, their own religion and form of worship.

A right is essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. It denotes what we are entitled to as citizens, as individuals and as human beings. Rights are something that we consider to be due to us, something that the rest of society must recognise as being a legitimate claim that must be upheld.

(i)Rights are important for all of us for leading a life of respect and dignity In fact, one of the grounds on which rights have been claimed in that they represent conditions that we collectively see as a source of self-respect and dignity.

For instance, the right to livelihood may be considered necessary for leading a life of dignity. Being gainfully employed gives a person economic independence and this is central for his/her dignity. Having our basic needs met gives us liberty to pursue our talents and interests.

(ii)In a democracy generally people or citizens have the right to expression. Citizens can express themselves freely in different ways. The right to expression gives us opportunity to be creative and original, whether it be in writing, or dance, or music or any other creative activity.

(iii)Freedom of expression is essential and useful for democratic government also. As this freedom or right allows the free expression of beliefs and opinions, the government can know this successes or failures or desires or dislikings of the people.

(iv)Rights are necessary for entire world or for whole human beings also. Rights such as the right of livelihood, or freedom of expression, would be important for all human beings who live in society and therefore they are described as universal in nature.

(v)Another basis on which rights have been claimed in that they are necessary for our well-being. They help individuals to develop their talents and skills. A right like the right to education, for example, helps develop our capacity to reason, gives us useful skills and enables us to make informed choices in life.

Some rights are considered to be universal in nature  because they are equally important for all the human beings living in the society.

Indentification of three universal Rights :

(i)The right to livelihood

(ii)Right to freedom of expression

(iii)The right to education

Reasons :
(i)The right to livelihood is considered necessary for leading a life of respect and dignity by all human being across the world.

(ii)Right to expression is cherished by all human beings. Having our basic needs met gives us freedom to pursue our talents and interests. This right gives to all human beings the opportunity to be creative and original, in any field of his or her choice. Freedom of expression is also important for all democratic or liberal countries of the world.

(iii)The right to education is also universal in nature because it helps to develop capacity to reason, gives all people useful skills and enables them to make informed choices in life. It is in this sense that education can be designed as a universal right.

No doubt the degree of success of rights depends on a number of factors, most important of which is the support of governments and the law. In most cases the claimed rights are directed towards the state.

(i)That is, through right people make demands upon the state. When someone asserts his or her right to education, he/she calls upon the state to make provisions for their basic education. Society may also accept the significance of education and contribute to it on its own. Different groups may open schools and fund scholarships so that children of all classes can get the benefit of education. But the primary responsibility rests upon the state. It is the state that must initiate necessary steps to ensure that my right to education is fulfilled.

(ii)Rights of citizens place an obligation upon the state to act in certain types or ways. Each right indicates what the state must do as well as want it must not do. For example, my right to life obliges the state to make laws that protect me from being injured by others.

(iii)If a society feels that the right to life means a right to a good quality of life, it expects the state to pursue policies that provide for clean environment along with other conditions that may be essential for a good or healthy life. In short, I can say that might right here places certain obligations upon the state to act in a certain way.

(iv)Rights not only indicate what the state must do, they also suggest what the state must refrain from doing. My right to liberty as a person, for example, suggests that the state cannot simply arrest me at its own will. If it desires to put me behind bars it must defend action, it must give reasons for curtailing my liberty before a judicial court. This is the why the police are required to produce an arrest warrant before taking me away. Rights in this way put some constraints upon authority of state-actions.

(v)Rights ensure that the authority of the state is exercised without violating the sanctity of individual life and liberty. The state may be the sovereign authority; the laws it makes may be enforced with force, but the sovereign state exists not for its own sake but for the sake of the individual.

(vi)It is the people who matter more and it is their well-being that must be pursued by the government in power. The rulers are accountable for their actions and not forget that law exists to ensure the good of the people.