Explain the various steps involved in the production of artificial insulin.
* Insulin contains two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B linked together by disulphide bridges.
* In mammals insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone. It contains an extra stretch called C-peptide.
* C-peptide is absent in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin.
* Production of insulin by rDNA techniques was achieved by an American company, Eli Lilly in 1983. It prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli for production. The A and B chains produced were separated, extracted and combined, by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.
(a) Explain the significance of palindromic nucleotide sequence in the formation of recombinant DNA.
(b) Write the use of restriction endonuclease in the above process.
Secondary treatment of the sewage is also called Biological treatment. Justify this statement and explain the process
(a) Write the desirable characters a farmer looks for in his sugarcane crop. (b) How did plant breeding techniques help north Indian farmers to develop cane with desired characters ?
Describe the roles of heat, primers and the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in the process of PCR.
Both Haemophilia and Thalassemia are blood related disorders in humans. Write their causes and the difference between the two. Name the category of genetic disorder they both come under.
(a) Can a plant flowering in Mumbai be pollinated by pollen grains of the same species growing in New Delhi ? Provide explanations to your answer.
Name a human disease, its causal organism, symptoms (any three) and vector, spread by intake of water and food contaminated by human faecal matter.
(a) List the two methodologies which were involved in human genome project. Mention how they were used.
(b) Expand ‘YAC’ and mention what was it used for.
