Solutions

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Properties of ideal solution which depends upon a number of particles of solute but independent of the nature of the particles are called colligative properties.

The excess pressure that must be applied to a solution side to prevent osmosis i.e. to stop passage of solvent molecules into it through a semi-permeable membrane.

Here V is the volume of a solution in litres containing n₂ moles of solute.If w₂ grams of solute, of molar mass, M₂ is present in the solution, then n₂ = w₂ / M₂ and we can write,

For dilute solution, n_B<<n_A, hence nB is neglected in the denominator.

The phenomenon of reversal of the direction of osmosis by the application of a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure on the solution side is known as reverse osmosis. In this case, the pure solvent flows out of the solution through a semi-permeable membrane.

Reverse osmosis takes place only when external energy is applied to the more saline solution.

Reverse osmosis is used in the desalination of sea-water.