Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones. (a

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 Multiple Choice QuestionsLong Answer Type

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111.

Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones.

(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(b) Thyroid hormones
(c) Thymosins
(d) Androgens
(e) Estrogens
(f) Insulin and Glucagon.


(a) Parathyroid horomone : 

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is relesed by the parathyroid glands. It is a peptide hormone. 

Function - The PTH performs the following function:
i. Increases the Ca2+ level in the blood and maintains the calcium balance in the body. 
ii. It acts on bones and stimulates the process of demineralisation. 
iii. It stimulate the reabsorption of the Ca2+ by the renal tubules.
iv. It increases the calcium absorption from the digested food. 

(b)  Thyroid hormones :

Thyroxine/ Tetraiodothyonine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are collectively known as thyroid hoemones. They are secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are peptide hormones.

Functions - They perform the following functions.

i. Regulate the basal metabolic rate
ii. Support the red blood cells formation. 
iii. Control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
iv. Maintain the water and electrolyte balance.
v. Regulate the blood calcium levels.  

(c) Thymosins

Thymosins are released by the thymus gland. They are peptide hormones. 

Functions - They peform the following functions. 

i. Play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes.
ii. Promote the production of antibodies. 

(d) Androgens 

Androgens are the secreted by the Leydig cells or interstitial cells. Androgens are a group of hormones that consist mainly testosterone. 

Function - They perform the following functions.

i. Regulate the development, maturation and functions of the male accessor sex organs in males.
ii. Stimulate development of secondary sexual characters in males.
iii. Stimulate the process of spematogenesis.
iv. Produce anabolic effect on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

(e) Estrogens  

Estrogen is secreted by ovary. It is a steroid hormone synthesied by ovarian follicles. 

Functions - They perform the following functions:

 Stimulate the growth and activity of female secondary sex organs. and regulate the female sexual behaviour

(f) Insulin and Glucagon

These are released by the pancreas. The insulin hormone is synthesized by the beta-cells and the glucagon is synthesized by the alpha-cells. 

Functions : They perform the following functions. 

i. They maintain the glucose homeostasis.
ii. The glucagon acts on the liver cells and result in glycogenolysis and thus in the increased glucose levels in the blood. It also reduces the glucose uptake and utilisation. 
iii. Insulin decreases the blood glucose level and enhaces cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. 

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112.

List the hormones secreted by the following

(1) Hypothalamus ,(2) Pituiltary gland , (3) Thyroid gland

(4) Parathyroid gland , (5) Adrenal gland, (6) pancreas

(7) Testis, (8) Ovary, (9) Thymus

(10) Atrium, (11) Kidney , (12) G–1 Tract.

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113. Briefly mention the mechanism of FSH. 
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114. Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrineglands in our body.
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115.

Define the following:
(a) Exocrine gland
(b) Endocrine gland
(c) Hormone

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 Multiple Choice QuestionsShort Answer Type

116.

List the hormones secreted by the following:

(k) Kidney

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 Multiple Choice QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions

117.

Which of the following pairs of hormones are not antagonistic (having opposite effects) to each other?

  • Insulin Glucagon
  • Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Factor
  • Relaxin Inhibin
  • Relaxin Inhibin
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118.

A pregnant female delivers a baby, who suffer from stunted growth, mental retardation low intelligence quotient and abnormal skin. This is the result of 

  • deficiency of iodine in diet

  • low secretion of growth hormone

  • cancer of the thyroid glad

  • cancer of the thyroid glad

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119.

Which of the following statement is correct in relation to the endocrine system?

  • Adenohypophysis is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.

  • Organs in the body like gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and live

  • Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that acts as intercellular messengers are known as hormones.

  • Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that acts as intercellular messengers are known as hormones.

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120.

Which one of the following hormones is not involved in sugar metabolism?

  • Cortisone

  • Aldosterone

  • Insulin

  • Insulin

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